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Greece has been subject to many many invasions since the 7th century and there must have been a serious mixing of peoples. In a similar situation, we do not usually consider the French or the Germans to be lineal descendants of the Romans. So can the modern Greeks be said to be actual descendants of the ancient ones?

P.S. Just to make it clear, I have no political axe to grind or anything, just curious.

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Define "related". – Yannis Rizos Jan 14 at 23:45
@YannisRizos: It's hard to pin down in so many words, but I think it should be clear - I want to know if particular modern people X is substantially continuous with ancient people Y. By way of examples: modern Italians are rather related to the Romans, modern Macedonians are hardly related to the ancient ones, modern Englishmen are only a bit related to the people who lived in Roman Britain. Did I make it clearer or more confusing? – Felix Goldberg Jan 15 at 0:01
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Felix I'm afraid the only proper answer to your question would be one that would discuss genetic profiling, and I don't really think such an answer would appear on History.SE. To pick just one of your examples, "Italians are rather related to the Romans" is, forgive the bluntness, a rather naive statement.There are biological evidence linking populations in modern Tuscany with the Etruscans and populations in Soutern Italy, mainly Sicily, with Ancient Greeks. – Yannis Rizos Jan 15 at 0:26
Italians are a mix of: Italic, Etruscan, Latin, Illyrian, Gaul, Greek, Carthaginian, Goth, Hun, Lombard, Frank, Arabic, Albanian, Bulgarian, German, French, Spanish - these are the ones I can remember on top of my head. (and Normans, btw) – astabada Jan 15 at 8:53
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Until the day comes that we have DNA technology (and theory) advanced to the point where we can look at the genetic lineage of large groups of people, really the best indicator we have for cultural decent is language.

Now language isn't perfect in this regard. For instance, there are a lot of people indigenous to the Americas whose language has been lost (or nearly so), and speak English or Spanish instead. There's also the Pygmies, who probably had a very unique language of their own originally, but today speak Niger-Congo derived languages (albeit with some intriguing holdovers). However, this in itself can be viewed as a good indicator of how thouroughly their culture got absorbed into the culture of the new languages.

So I think it is quite fair to view anybody speaking a modern language derived from ancient Greek as a cultural descendent of the ancient Greeks. It is also quite fair to view anybody speaking a Romance language as cultural descendents of the Romans. As Samuel Johnston said, Language is the pedigree of Nations

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