Questions tagged [philosophy]
the use of reason in understanding such things like the nature of the real world and existence, the use and limits of knowledge, and the principles of moral judgment
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Did ancient Romans converse with statues for inspiration?
Recently I encountered a passage from a book The Mask of Socrates by Paul Zanker
There were passionately cultivated Romans who sought in such statues conversation partners, who used them, as Seneca ...
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How significant was poetry as mnemonic device in technical / philosophical / scientific texts in classical Rome and Greece? [closed]
This starts because I remembered that he works of one of the classical Greek philosophers was lost, but what was kept was an adaptation of the work into poetic form.
This is highly unlikely in the ...
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What were the Oriental influences on Heraclitus?
I'm reading Karl Popper's The Open Society and its Enemies. In chapter two, he mentions in passing that Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus were influenced by oriental ideas.
Is he referring to ...
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When did Walter Benjamin say "We collect books in the belief that we are preserving them when in fact it is the books that preserve their collector"?
In for instance this source, it is stated that Walter Benjamin once said or wrote the following:
"We collect books in the belief that we are preserving them when in fact it is the books that ...
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How do we reconcile hierarchical and violent aspects of Ancient Egypt with its nonviolent principle of Maat, as exemplified in negative confessions?
Maat represents and refers to the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the ...
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Is this anecdote about use of poison in guerrilla war mentioned by Schopenhauer based on facts?
In Schopenhauer's 1819 "The World as Will and Representation", volume 1, in the (only) footnote of chapter 64, we can read:
“That Spanish bishop, who in the last war simultaneously
poisoned ...
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Was any belief about the nature of the soul before birth widespread enough to influence common people's lives?
Medieval (European Christian 5-15th century) theologians used to argue between a few ideas about the origin of the soul (creationism, traducianism & pre-existence). However, was any belief about ...
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Who proclaimed separation of science from philosophy?
Historically (since 2500 years ago), philosophy - "love of wisdom" in Greek - encompassed all intellectual endeavors, and natural philosophy was seen as its part. However, these days the ...
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What were the neoplatonists' attitude towards Christianity (or religion in general)?
In the movie "Agora" an ultimatum is given to Hypatia, either she adopts Christianity or the prefect would not be able to protect her anymore. Hypatia chooses the latter and is subsequently ...
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Where does Herodotus discuss judging the wisdom of decisions by the evidence at hand vs. the consequences?
Physicist/statistician Edwin T. Jaynes, in a broad overview of the history of ideas about reasoning amidst uncertainty (precursors to Bayesian inference), attributes an early articulation of an ...
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What is Renaissance Humanism? [closed]
I'm having trouble wrapping my head around the concept of Renaissance humanism. I've been reading about it for some time and I've found definitions, or explanations, varying in focus from it being a ...
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Did Empedocles think that plants have sexes?
I was reading the book Flora Unveiled: The Discovery and Denial of Sex in Plants by Lee Taiz and Lincoln Taiz published by Oxford. In Chapter 8, "Plant sex from Empedocles to Theophrastus", ...
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Are the sources in Flora Unveiled correct?
According to the book, Flora Unveiled: The Discovery and Denial of Sex in Plants by Lee Taiz and Lincoln Taiz published by Oxford, Chapter 8: Plant sex from Empedocles to Theophrastus (pg 213), the ...
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What was the personal philosophy of Alexander the Great in his youth?
Long time ago I read a biography about Alexander the Great. It is so long ago that I cannot give references. It said that Alexander in his early youth followed a philosophy not uncommon in Greece ...
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To what extent did the Jewish tradition of debate influence the development of Classical Liberalism in Europe?
Judaism has a long tradition of valuing debate. My sense is that it is somewhat singular in this regard. Certainly there is debate within Islam or Christianity, but if I understand correctly, Judaism ...
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Is the rise and dominance of analytic philosophy around the world associated with the dominance of the British empire and the United States?
Analytic Philosophy largely originated from the Anglo-American tradition of philosophy. It is arguably the dominant type of philosophy practiced today in most major universities, even in non English-...
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Did Averroes really try to bury light in an attempt to create gold, or was that invented by Victor Hugo?
In The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Frollo relates a story that supposedly Averroes buried light in order to create gold from it, as, according to him, gold is light, but that it would not be for ...
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Which philosopher said that taking notes is good?
He said something like, that this is a good way to learn, because writing it down in the own words helps one to understand it.
I think it was Aristotle, but I dont know exactly any more.
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How widely accepted are Tolstoy's views on history within the academic community?
Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace is a historic fiction and part essay in which Tolstoy regularly expresses his views on how events happen. More specifically, Tolstoy says that the actions of great men such ...
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What does Deng Xiaoping mean by "Hide your capacities, bide your time '?
I came across this interesting quote by Deng Xiaoping:
Hide your capacities and bide your time
however I didn't find much about this quote on the Internet explaining the exact context and meaning ...
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If Nietzsche was against anti-semitism, how did he become an inspiration to Hitler? [closed]
I recently read that Nietzsche was against anti-semitism, though I understand that that doesn't exempt him from being anti-Judaism (though, I'm not entirely sure how one would distinguish the two).
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What was the primary motivation for a historical figure like Xenophon to create an extensive collection of written material?
Xenophon of Athens created a large amount of written material even by today's standards. Did he create this work knowing it would be read by future generations, or was it for his own satisfaction? I ...
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In Classical Athens, what did the portico of the archon basileus look like?
In Plato's Euthyphro, Socrates and his titular interlocutor meet at the portico of the archon basileus - or chief archon. I've been looking for an image of the portico but had no luck so far, and am ...
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When is the first recorded instance of someone dying for a principle?
When we think of martyrs, we often go back to the early Christians as the typical examples - dying for the idea that they should worship one God and no other. Another often quoted example is Socrates -...
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What is the source for this Leonardo Da Vinci quote?
"Art is the queen of all sciences communicating knowledge to all the generations of the world."
Where exactly does this Leonardo Da Vinci quote come from? Was it part of a larger paragraph - if so ...
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Why did Athenian philosophers praise Spartan culture and laws, which would preclude philosophers like themselves?
Laconophilia was near universal among the important Athenian philosophers: Socrates, Aristotle, Plato and his followers - all praised Spartan culture and its laws, even after Sparta fell from glory ...
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Did "The Cosmic Race" inform "The Anthropophagic Manifesto"?
José Vasconcelos published The Cosmic Race in 1925. In his view Mexico could construct a new, better race from the diverse origins of its people.
Oswald de Andrade published his Anthropophagic ...
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Do we have any information on what the homes of Aristotle or Plato would have looked like?
I wonder because of how influential and famous they were at their time, immediately following, and effectively forever after that (with the exception of Aristotle's slight dark age of having his ...
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What was the name of this medieval philosophical idea?
I remember learning once years ago about a medieval philosophical idea (although I suspect it would be older) that the state of the King was reflected in his lands. A sickly or evil king would have ...
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How was financial profit viewed in Medieval Europe?
What was the attitude of people in Medieval Europe towards earning money, making a profit etc. I know that in some places Jews were well established as merchants because, from the point of the view of ...
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How was Galileo's approach to mathematics different than Descartes's approach?
According to Galileo "the world is written in the language of mathematics," and a natural philosopher must learn to read it. How did this approach differ from Descartes' notion of a mathematical ...
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Did Zoroastrianism influence some Ancient Greek Philosophers?
Ancient Greek Philosophy, was never monolithic, that is to say, the diversity of thought represented in the Greek Philosophers is well documented and well chronicled. However, did the Persian ...
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Was Voltaire actually present at the British Raid on Lorient in 1746, which was attended by David Hume?
Voltaire wrote a satirical account of the raid at which Hume himself was personally in attendance with General St Clair. However, it is difficult to find out if Voltaire was actually an eyewitness ...
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When did people start saying about the US that "it's a free country"?
Confronted with lack of permission, Americans sometimes reflexively claim that "it's a free country". Obviously, the truth is more nuanced, with degrees of freedom, competing definitions of freedom, ...
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In what sense is Socrates considered as the father of Western philosophy?
Socrates is known as the father of western philosophy. But in what sense? Is it because there wasn't any other philosopher who preceded him? Or perhaps that their philosophies were completely ...
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What is the name of the theory opposite to the Great Man theory?
The Great Man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of "great men", or heroes; highly influential individuals.
In nearly every lecture on ...
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Did the people of the past consider plants alive? [closed]
Did the people of the past consider plants alive? If so, how did they come to the idea that plants have something in common with animals?
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Was there a "literate class" outside the Shi in Zhou-dynasty China?
According to wikipedia, during Zhou dynasty China's ...
distinct class system, which lacked an organized clergy but saw the Shang Zi-clan yeomen become masters of ritual and ceremony known as Shi (...
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How much of what we know about ancient philosophers comes from oral literature?
Have any orally-transmitted myths survived throughout the centuries in such a form that we could identify any of the ancient philosophers of Classical Greece and Rome in them? I'm interested in ...
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Barbara, Celarent, Darii, et Ferio. Whom devised the vowel-consonant designations?
In the history of philosophy & logic there is a taxonomy of syllogisms designated by name. William of Sherwood and Peter of Spain write of a mnemonic to help medieval students of logic memorize ...
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Do we know of any literature before Greek philosophy that discusses the properties of a living thing?
I have been reading up on the first written works of literature leading up to philosophy as we understand it today. I am having a hard time to establish a clear time-line which leads up to the ...
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The allure of totalitarianism/ communism/ fascism [closed]
In the 1930s there was a rise of totalitarianism whether fascism or communism such as Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy, and Stalin's Soviet Union
What would've been the allure of totalitarianism ...
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Was late-medieval French education recalcitrant to math?
The teaching of mathematics (as we understand the subject today) in France is said to result from Ramus. However, It was his predecessor Oronce Fine who convinced François 1 to include it at the ...
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Which ancient text claims that everything has been said before?
Someone commented to me that there is an ancient text talking about how everything has been said before. There are of course more recents thoughts along this line, but to me it was very impressive to ...
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What is the source for Diogenes' quote in Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy?
In The Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton states that
"When the son swore, Diogenes struck the father."
Where did Burton get this from? I can find no earlier (i.e. Classical) reference to it, ...
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Are historians required to memorize or be knowledgeable of every significant event in history? [closed]
Undergraduate history students are usually required to complete different courses spanning from ancient Egypt to the Cold War. But given the vastness of history, it is impossible to memorize and keep ...
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Did John Milton and Baruch Spinoza know of and/or about each other?
In these iTunes U lectures on Milton, John Rogers suggest that Milton was espousing "monism" in Paradise Lost; that the theology of Paradise Lost involved the ideas that the soul and body are one and ...
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Why was 17th Century England a particularly supportive place for groundbreaking thought? [closed]
Issac Newton, John Lock, Robert Hooke, Thomas Hobbes, John Milton, Robert Boyle, Francis Bacon...etc.
Was 17th century England somehow more conducive to excellent new ideas or was it no more ...
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What is the other ancient Indian magic trick described by Adi Shankaracharya?
It is well-known that the so-called Indian rope trick is alluded to by the ancient Hindu philosopher Adi Shankaracharya in this section of his commentary on a Hindu scripture called the Mandukya ...
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What made Cicero so fascinating to Petrarch?
Petrarch was apparently fascinated throughout his whole life by Cicero, in a way that his contemporaries apparently weren't. He even wrote letters to Cicero. But these letters don't mean much to me, ...