Hot answers tagged 17th-century
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According to the Wikisource document that article is based on, Wikipedia accidentally left out an "fl." in the age span (i.e. it ought to be "MISSELDEN, EDWARD (fl. 1608-1654)"). "fl." (Latin Floruit) means "flourished", i.e. we know that Misselden was active in the period 1608 to 1654, but we don't know when he was born or died.
If that's true, then he ...
8
Vienna was besieged in 1683. In the Treaty of Bakhchisarai, Russia agreed not to fight Ottoman Empire for the time between 1681 and 1701, and actually kept the promise... until 1686 that is. Then it joined the European coalition and started Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700), which it won, gaining Azov and Taganrog. Both were lost soon in 1711, Azov re-taken by ...
8
"Taking a vomit" may have meant more generally taking something to cause vomiting, what we would call an emetic. See eg. http://thequackdoctor.com/index.php/tag/17th-century/
If you are ill it's because something is out of balance. It's a lot easier to get stuff out of a patient to adjust the balance - so the popularity of purges, emetics, bloodletting ...
7
Many 17th century settlers in what is now the United States were indeed indigent or criminals, but not all, and we should understand the "criminality" in question.
Many English farmers lost their livelihood due to enclosure, which had reached new heights during the Tudor years. Some ran themselves into debt and faced debtors' prison (indeed, Georgia Colony ...
7
According to Cardinal Richelieu's Wikipedia page he was a cardinal priest until December 4, 1642, the day of his death. Mazarin is difficult to find specific information on. According to his Wikipedia page, Jules Mazarin succeeded Richelieu. Since I cannot find any information on which kind of cardinal Mazarin was, I can only assume that he was a cardinal ...
6
Ireland at the time was under British rule and Britain didn't adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752 so it would still officially be on the Julian calender and written records would use this.
Since Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calender much sooner (it being introduced by pope Gregory) it's possible that Catholic church sources, especially those ...
6
Indeed, in a somewhat similar situation, in the 15th century Italian Condottieri such as Sforza, Braccio da Montone and Malatesta did use their mercenary armies to seize control of city-states and become dukes and lords. However, in 17th century Northern Europe such a development was more or less unthinkable. The reason is, I think, that the power in 17th ...
6
I've finally found the exact sentences, so I'm putting here a new answer instead of the yesterday's one.
As it's written in official materials of Copernikus' Museum in Frombork, Poland, such corrections were done simply by striking out some parts of the text and it happened only with something like 8% books that survived until recent times. It was their ...
5
You might find this enlightening: Naval tactics in the Age of Sail
Also: Line of Battle
To address your main points:
Distance: The fleets could get pretty close, Battle of the Chesapeake page has a quite good map. Also it was possible for ships to pair off a fight in close quarters like at Quiberon Bay). I can't say, but the artists representations look ...
5
It probably depends on where. One important social meeting place at which news would be exchanged was actually coffeehouses. This holds true for the Ottoman Empire, which originally popularised the drinking of coffee after the taking of Yemen. From there it spread to Europe, where coffeehouses also became an important focal point for the transmission of ...
5
At the moment of his election (1641), it seems that Mazarin was in minor orders - so called "lay cardinal". After that, there seems to be little consensus and pretty much no primary sources, but if anything, he was a cardinal-priest.
By the process of elimination, he was a cardinal-priest:
He was definitely not a cardinal-deacon. From "The Cardinals of ...
5
In his famous 1872 book "Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших деятелей" ("Russian history in the biographies of its main actors") Nikolay Kostomarov writes (rough translation):
We still don't know how the relation between the Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich and Nikon, who the tsar previously considered his best friend, cooled down. In 1656 Nikon was ...
3
After the break between the Catholics and the Protestant reformers, moderate Catholic rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried to reconcile the two sides. At his instigation, Protestant theologians developed a statement of principles called the Confession of Augsburg that was acceptable to some Catholics. Even Charles V conceded in 1530 (and ...
3
I'd like to expand Felix's answer in relation to soft-power (such as "legitimacy"). Mercenary captains did not participate in the reproduction of feudal wealth, they merely directly expropriated it (or received payment from the emergent state). Traditional rulers participated in the full reproduction of economic life, they imposed status on the third ...
2
Tuscany had a military alliance and family ties with the Habsburg empire - at the time, Fakhr-al-Din was plotting to break free of Ottoman rule, and the Ottoman Empire was a longstanding enemy of the Austrians. He had hoped to enlist the aid of European powers like Austria and Spain, and was ready to hand over concessions in the holy land to get it - he was ...
2
One must also mention the pamphlet, which was mighty popular back then. Here is what the Britannica has to say about the 16th century:
Pamphlets were among the first printed materials, and they were widely
used in England, France, and Germany. The first great age of
pamphleteering was inspired by the religious controversies of the
early 16th ...
2
Remember that just a year before Battle of Vienna, tsar Feodor Alexeyevich passed away, what resulted with Moscow Uprising of 1682. In result, all the power was gained by Sophia Alekseyevna, who became the regent of Russia. The future tsar, Peter the Great, was only 10 years old.
Following the uprising, the internal situation of Russia was very unstable, ...
2
Wiki says he professed himself to be a Protestant.
Do you have reason to doubt this? And why would the only alternative to a Calvinist Protestant be for him to be an atheist, when there were many other Christian sects and denominations?
2
Since this was lost in some other answers, in regards to "the Strangers" this piece may be illuminating:
The rest of the passengers, called "strangers" by the Pilgrims, included merchants, craftsmen, skilled workers and indentured servants, and several young orphans. All were common people. About one-third of them were children.
Remember, even though ...
2
I think you can find a lot of information on the Wikipedia link you have provided, especially when you start checking out the resources on separate events during that time.
But, when looking for the conditions Peter Stuyvesant encountered before he came to North America you should look into the colony known as "New Netherland". A hostile place with ...
1
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that Bayle was considered to be a skeptic in many ways. He was engaged in theological debate his whole life, but at a time when atheists were extraordinarily rare. As a son of a priest I think it's hard to believe he was an outright atheist, but he was certainly not a devout believer. He seems to be a person ...
1
The main thing I think you should realise about immigrants to the New World is that they weren't a coherent lot that you can throw in to one mental box. In fact, your choice of the word "pilgrim" is kind of shaky in this context, as proper Pilgrims were a specific religous community that emigrated as a group to a colony in modern-day Massachusets.
There ...
1
In Europe there were historically two ways to build ships. Wikipedia refers to them as Clinker and Carvel. Carvel originated in the Mediterranean while Clinker was more typical in the Atlantic. Clinker-built requires less caulking so is more lightweight and simpler to build, resulting in a flexible hull well suited for the rigours of ocean travel.
...
1
Edward Misselden was an economic philosopher. In 1622, he published this missive on free trade, which probably helped him get the deputy governor job.
http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/misselden/freetrad.txt
Most other sources cite his lifespan as 1608-1654. That would make him 14 when he published the missive, and 15 when he became deputy ...
1
There were several reasons. The first was that most of the LOCAL (to Massachusetts and parts of Connecticut) Indians had either been involved with King Philip, and were defeated, or conversely, had allied with the settlers, and were sharing the spoils of war. The second reason is that most of the damage was done in the initial part of the war against ...
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