Hot answers tagged 19th-century
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Many Italians emigrated to Argentina because many Italians emigrated. Argentina, like Brazil and the United States could offer economic opportunities not to be found in the old country, but equally importantly, had policies that were open to immigration.
Italian Emigration 1876-1926
Many Italians left Italy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; it ...
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Unlike the Army, where a disproportionate number of officers came from the South, the U.S. navy was pretty much dominated by the North. One evidence of this was the fact that the fleet in Norfolk, Virginia, was scuttled by its sailors to prevent in from falling into the hands of the South. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor
A major reason that the ...
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Yes. However, I don't think you're are giving Napoleon enough credit here as the driver of events. It appears that the entire point of Ligny was to prevent exactly that. Here's what wikipedia (currently) has to say:
The battle of Ligny is a prime example of a tactical win and a
strategic loss. However, had the left wing of Napoleon´s army
succeeded ...
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This is basically oblique order. The idea is to crush one flank of the enemy with the strong force, turn it 90° and defeat the enemy in detail. The remainder of your troops keep the enemy busy on the other flank.
You put your heavy troops on the strong flank because they need the most strength (they need to break the line). The light troops are more ...
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The Confederates had 644 troops under the command of Colonel William Oates, compared to the 358 Union soldiers under the command of Colonel Joshua Chamberlain. At the end of the day, Oates reported that only 223 enlisted men and 19 officers responded to roll call, which means he lost nearly half of his men. The 20th Maine under Chamberlain reported having ...
5
Through the course of World War 2; in September 1939 battleships were still considered more important than aircraft carriers, and by VJ Day carriers were considered utterly decisive at sea.
This process took a good few steps, however, and really examining it in detail could take an entire book.
You also need to consider the application of carrier air power ...
5
According to Google Ngram Viewer, the words have some historical usage.
However, it is hard to know whether the words refer to decades, age groups or other "brackets". However, "eighties" and "nineties" do show some sort of a 100-year wave shape, taking off from around 1890, suggesting that the usage of these phrases started around then. There is a wave ...
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It tended to be more than just that, opium dens were prevalent there but so was gambling and the Self-Strengthening movement and the Kuomintang repression of the Communists. Shanghai was also considered the "Pearl of the Orient" as well as the "Paris of the East" because of its artistic and intellectual community. The names were used depending on whether ...
5
Firstly, I think you may be getting a little confused between life peers and hereditary peers.
Life peers are given a peerage or title for their lifetime only. It is not hereditary and it cannot be handed down to their children. When that person dies, the peerage or title dies with them. They are not expected to maintain a country estate or multiple ...
5
From Wikipedia:
In spite of all this American growth in the game, it was slowly losing ground to a newcomer. In many cities, local cricket clubs were contributing to their own demise by encouraging crossover to the developing game of baseball. After the United States Civil War the Cincinnati Red Stockings brought a talented young bowler from the St. ...
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In that time (the quote comes from 1872), brown-bread was just recently introduced as having any benefits for health. Edward Smith started to promote brown-bread in his book "Practical dietary for families, schools, and the laboring classes", released in 1865 in London. Earlier it was treated as worse (because of ingredients) and commonly used as a meal for ...
5
The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1799.
The period covered by Les Miserable which is the June Rebellion of 1832.
Articles on the June Rebellion indicate the restored king was Louis Phillipe.
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Europe and East Asia didn't industrialize at the same time. In all of East Asia, probably the first country to Industrialize was Japan, and that didn't happen until the right around the beginning of the 20th century, nearly a century after the process started in Western Europe.
So really you have to compare with Europe. The big advantage here was simply ...
4
It's difficult to give a proper answer, as the situation of slaves was different among various states and the same with different parts of Russia. So some particular conditions of Russian serfs can be similar speaking of one state, while can be a difference if to compare it with another state.
In the matters of economy and law there were quite many ...
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I've just received a confirmation from Warsaw, that as it's written in the book "Encyklopedia Warszawy" (PWN, 1994), by that time, until January Uprising, it was just a marshal prison for criminals, which was transferred there from Baszta Mostowa (Bridge Tower). The linked source says it used to be "Więzienie Inkwizycyjne", which means prisoners temporary ...
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The numbers can only be estimated, and that is especially difficult for the overland arrivals. There is some basis for the arrivals by sea in that the only major port, San Francisco, did try to keep records.
Clay and Jones (2008) estimate that in 1848-50 there were over 101,000 overland immigrants and likely over 75,000 by sea, or perhaps 60% by land.
...
4
The question refers to "problems" without defining them, so I am going to cast my answer in terms of which states rejoined the Union earlier (supposedly fewer "problems") rather than later. I will try to tie the rejoining order to the best correlation I can find.
According to the link below, Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Florida were the first ...
4
With a little research: 1 Tael is equivalent with 37.5 or 33.9 or 37.8 g of silver, depends on region where it was issued.
The local tael also took precedence over any central measure, so the
Canton tael weighed 37.5 grams, the Convention or Shanghai tael was
33.9 g (1.09 oz troy), and the Customs or Hǎiguān (海關) tael 37.8 g (defined as 11⁄3 oz ...
3
My own reading has left me at believing that this (Buchanan's special longing apart) was fairly common in North America in the 19th century. E.g. Joshua Wolf Shenk's biography Lincoln's Melancholy contains this passage:
Not only families but strangers at inns and soldiers in the filed often slept snugly against each other. Bed-sharing, in other words, ...
3
The 11th ed. of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (published in 1911) provides a specific answer as to when. The why can perhaps be inferred from its somewhat anti-Turkish language (tortuous, mean) and the historical events around independence in 1879.
Since 1880 the city has been almost entirely renovated in the
"European" style; the narrow tortuous lanes ...
3
This was an expression of the "traditional" order of fighting, elite troops, in the position of order on the right; lesser troops on the left.
The battle of Leuctra cited in another answer was an exception. But many military dispositions were not so rational. In the battle of Camden in the American Revolution, the British-trained American general, Horatio ...
3
One example: the wave of German (and other European) immigrants that came to the United States in 1848 were referred to as the "Forty-Eighters."
And the gold miners who went to California in 1849 were known as the "Forty-niners."
So yes, each century refers to their own contemporaneous "Forties," "Fifties," etc.
3
After Franklin suggested that no serf ever realized the potential of improving their conditions and the right to education, I'd like to introduce a story of Aleksandr Nikitenko, who went to school being a serf and later, as a free man, became a professor at St. Petersburg University. He was emancipated by his owner in 1824, at the age of 20.
In 1824, ...
3
The American Civil war in fact had many innovations.
The most well-known was the first naval battle between iron warships. It was also the first war where the Gatling gun (forerunner of the modern machine gun) was used. By the end of the war man soldiers were using proper automatic personal weapons (Spencer and Henry repeating rifles).
Getting a bit more ...
3
I would say innovations in 19th century warfare led to the Civil War being what it was, rather than the Civil War being a great innovative time.
Like Minie Ball, a new type of bullet design, which increased the lethality of engagements. It had been used already in the Crimea on a smaller scale, but like Ironclads or Gatling guns, saw it's first large outing ...
2
Religious tolerance
Without the United Kingdoms tolerance to views and opinions that elsewhere would have been considered heresy (like much of Catholic Europe and the Islamic and Muslim kingdoms found elsewhere) innovation, invention, science and original thought could not have happened.
It is specifically this tolerance to original thought that allowed ...
2
There were REMNANTS of some 4-5 Confederate regiments at Little Round Top.
Most Confederate regiments started the battle of Gettysburg with 600-800 men. (Their units received "replacements" for casualties, Union units did not.)
Those regiments could have had between 2400-4000 men to start. Take 3200 as the midpoint.
They had also been involved in savage ...
2
Well, it should be pretty clear that the purpose of putting buttons (or whatever you want to call them) on a lower pants leg is to make it easier to put on and remove tall boots.
In turn, tall boots as a garment are much more useful in an era of horse-borne travel and unpaved roads. If you don't make that connection, perhaps the riding crop there in the ...
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Actually, England had no part in the building of the Suez canal. That was all France. Here's what happened:
Napoleon took his troops through a little little excursion through Egypt at the turn of the 19th century, which got a lot of Frenchmen associating the country with romance and adventure.
At the time, France had probably the best Civil Engineering ...
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OK, found a reference for you.
Кондаков, И. М. Преподавание психологии в Царскосельском лицее: А.С. Пушкин и А.И. Галич / И.М.Кондаков // Психологическая наука и образование. - 1999. - N3-4. - С. 80-91
I'm trying to digest it but it seems that psychology was treated more like a subset of philosophy, and the guy teaching it (Галич) as part of the class was ...
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