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This is not a complete answer because your question is actually a huge topic with many possible approaches. Birth is ethnicity My personal view on this is that, long ago, at a time when the nomadic way of life was the rule, nations did not relate to geographical origin but rather to birth. The etymology of various IE languages is very clear on this: ...

"Nationalism" as a term in its modern definition Regularly being referred to as an author of remarkable influence on the terms nationality and nationalism in their modern recipation is Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803). In his work Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity (1784–91), he is at least one of the first to claim that human societies ...

The swastika symbol was used by many cultures in the history and around the world and not only among Indo-Europeans. For example swastika is used in Far East (China, Korea) as well as the Wyandots (Wendats or Hurons) in North-America. You can find this symbol in ancien greacian poteries as well as decoration in christian churches too... This was often ...

Thanks for the question. "Civic responsibility" is bound up with the concept of the separation of society (the mass of persons) from the state (the armed body of men, monopolised by the bourgeoisie). (Gramsci). The separation of individual subjectivities from the state apparatus, as if they should be connected, arises in the French revolution with the ...

Belgium seceded from the Netherlands under treaty in 1830. This was intended at the time to establish a permanent protestant majority in the northern part of the Netherlands, by splitting the existing Roman Catholic majority, who, for their part, were unhappy with the ruling dynasty's attempts to create an establishment protestant church. It probably had ...