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The incident you asked I suppose is the Westphalia treaty, or the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In the field of international relations the treaty is widely acknowledged as a big turning point in European history, as it established each nation as a sovereign states which hold sovereignty under its own. It happened before the Enlightenment era and closely ...

I believe in this matter, the Pope was acting much like we use the UN or international standards organizations like IETF or ISO today: as an independent international organization respected by all parties. The main factor that diminished this authority was the rise of the protestant northern countries (England, Holland, and much of Germany). Protestant ...