Was Baker Island ever claimed by the United Kingdom?

Question

The Wikipedia article and Encyclopedia Britannica article for Baker Island agree that the United States claimed Baker Island in 1857, under the Guano Islands Act. The Wikipedia article also makes an unsourced assertion that the United Kingdom claimed the island between 1897 and 1936. (The page's edit history and talk page show that this isn't a new assertion.)

Did the United Kingdom claim Baker Island during that time? If so, how were the competing claims to sovereignty resolved?

Answer 1

It seems that the answer is yes, although British sovereignty seems to have been merely nominal, since no attempt was made to actually occupy the island. This 1961 article by H.E. Maude discusses the history within a regional context. I will summarise the main points.

The disputes between the United States and the UK following the American Guano Islands Act of 1856 fell into abeyance when the few commercially payable guano deposits were exhausted. From that point, almost all the islands covered by the American Guano Act were considered, in the absence of any active American interest in them, to be British possessions.

That situation changed when the strategic value of the islands in relation to trans-Pacific civil aviation was recognised. Baker Island (and also Jarvis Island) was placed under United States administrative jurisdiction by the Presidential Order of May 13, 1936; In March, 1938, Mr. Stephen T. Early, Secretary to President Roosevelt, announced that:

The position of the United States as regards lands or islands hitherto unoccupied or in question as to ownership is as follows—

1. First claim to title over undiscovered territory rests on discovery.
2. Under this many islands in the Pacific were first discovered by American flag ships.
3. The United States always has held that mere discovery does not give final title. If it is not followed up by reasonable occupation it is insufficient.

4. In relation to the islands in question, of which there are many, the United States assumes the right to occupation either because of:

   (a) discovery,

   (b) former occupation,

   (c) failure of any other nation to occupy,

   or a combination of the three.

I'd guess that events in 1939 rendered diplomatic discussions between the US and UK over the future of the islands moot, and Baker Island remains a United States possession.