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We can see after the fact that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) nourished through the Sino-Japanese War while the Nationalist Army arguably depleted their resources.

The CCP had a strategy of not committing to any engagement with the Japanese and expanding their base through grassroot political movements and guerrilla organizations in the country side. (Bear with the lack of sources here. Should anyone dispute this relatively well established notion, I will dig out the sources I once consulted.)

But non-engagement requires the enemy to do the same. Why wasn't the base of CCP (in western Shanxi?) struck by the Japanese?

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    From Wiki Second Sino-Japanese war "The Japanese were also unable to defeat the Chinese communist forces in Shaanxi, which waged a campaign of sabotage and guerrilla warfare against the invaders. While Japan ruled the large cities, they lacked sufficient manpower to control China's vast countryside." Doesn't this answer your question? Sep 11, 2018 at 3:19
  • It doesn't. On one hand, those descriptions are in vague terms in line with the CCP propaganda. It's unwise to give value to descriptions without concrete geographical references. Which large cities in Shanxi? What countryside? Guerrilla warfare in what terrain and in what intensity?
    – Argyll
    Sep 11, 2018 at 14:19
  • CCP had a wartime capital in Shanxi and set up an agricultural production base there to sustain its populace. That's well known. Lesser known is the extent of its base. What exactly did CCP control and how much was it producing? That would tie in the question I asked.
    – Argyll
    Sep 11, 2018 at 14:20
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    You've just added a whole lot more here in your comments which really ought to be in the question. Comments get deleted (as I've been told - quite rightly - on more than one occasion). Sep 11, 2018 at 15:23
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    @Argyll - Given your personal profile's emphasis on "helping", I hope you find this useful. First, from the specificity of your requirement (from your comments, altho' not reflected in your main question), I believe you are aware that, during the Sino-Japanese War, the terms "border region", "border area" and "base area" are different from normal English usage. For instance, "... base of CCCP in Western Shanxi" is not an actual physical base. Second, this was guerrilla (irregular) warfare against a conventional army (the Japanese). Not clear if that is reflected in the question.
    – J Asia
    Nov 17, 2018 at 8:28

2 Answers 2

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Remoteness

Shaanxi is very remote, in the deep interior of China, which is hard to fight in. The Japanese never attacked Chongqing either. (Chongqing was bombed, but so was Yan'an.) Progress into this region was halted due to Chinese victories such as Wuyuan.

The CCP were not as big of a threat

The CCP started the war with a very weak base, and even at the end of the war, they were a fraction of the strength of the Nationalists. In this situation, it is better to attack the stronger of the two enemies. There was a brief flare-up during the Hundred Regiments Offensive and the subsequent Three Alls Policy, but for the most part there was a stalemate between CCP and Japan.

Subduing China was not a priority

Japan's WWII aggressions were opportunistic in nature. Initially they thought that China could be subdued by taking its capitals, or by winning a decisive battle. That didn't work: Nanking and Wuhan were taken but the Nationalists didn't capitulate, and they also managed to preserve their troops through the war. Instead, Japan focused on South East Asia and the Pacific Theatre.

Lack of resources by Japan

By the latter half of the war, there was in fact a plan to invade the wartime capitals of both the Nationalists and CCP. This plan was frustrated by their lack of resources (due to the deteriorating Pacific War) and the increasing success of attacks by the "Flying Tigers" and its impact on daytime troop movement. The plan was finally shelved in favour of Operation Ichi-Go - the forces gathered in North China originally intended for the plan were redirected to Ichi-Go instead.

Game theory

The Chinese Theatre was a typical truel, in which the best strategy for the stronger two sides is to eliminate each other first, and for the weakest side to sit out until they are left head-to-head with the survivor. This is indeed what happened. This reason isn't historical, but it is food for thought nonetheless.

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  • Any idea on how big CCP was in Shanxi? Yan'an as a "center of revolution" was much propagandized. But was Yan'an or other CCP Shanxi base a remote area with only symbolic meaning and no meaningful war production or was it of considerable size and would make a good target had Japanese been able to attack?
    – Argyll
    Sep 11, 2018 at 14:23
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By 1940, Japan had gotten most of what it wanted from China. It had obtained Manchuria in 1931, and the industrialized northeast corridor of China, between Beijing and Shanghai in 1937, and most of the remaining industrial belt along the Yangtze River, up to Wuhan, by 1938. In the following two years, Japan occupied the ports, and most of the coast of South China. If anything, the Japanese were "overcommited" in China (relative to its resources), and even more so after it went to war with the United States, following Pearl Harbor.

In fleeing from both the Nationalists and Japanese, the Communist occupied the most desolate parts of the country (apart from Tibet and Sinkiang), in the northwest. That was the Chinese equivalent of say, Montana and the badlands of the Dakotas. That part of China had little strategic value to Japan.

In 1944, Japan did launch the Ichigo Offensive in southwest China, in order to secure a line of retreat for troops being forced out of Myanmar ((Burma), but unless Japan planned to fight the Soviet Union in Siberia (it didn't), "Communist China" had no such strategic value. Nor did the Communists have much stomach for fighting Japan after the failure of their 100 Regiments Offensive in 1940.

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