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In the Soviet sci-fi film "Napoleon Gas" of 1925, there is a secret society, called "Fascist Order Black Klan" in the United States. The order's uniform seems to be similar to that of the Ku Klux Klan except they wear clothing of black color instead of white, and with a huge swastika on it. The order's aim is to destroy the USSR, it has as its (secret) member the US war minister, who illegally produces chemical weapons in a plant, disguising it as an aniline paint and is a member of the "International Fascist League".

It seems from the film, the swastika symbol is closely associated with fascism, including the international one. Is this feature of the film anachronistic and a fantasy of the authors, or does it reflect the realities of 1925?

UPDATE This question is not about swastika being an anti-semitic symbol, but about its association with fascism specifically. As I know, fascist Italy did not use swastika as its symbol and Hitler's party was far from coming to power, so what made the authors use the swastika as an emblem of an American fascist society (that assembled an air unit to bomb Leningrad with illegally produced chemical weapons later in the film)?

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    What research have you done?
    – MCW
    Sep 24, 2020 at 12:13
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    Does this answer your question? Is the swastika in The Great Gatsby anti-semitic? Sep 24, 2020 at 12:14
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    @PieterGeerkens of course, not, because this question is not about swastka being anti-semitic, but about its association with fascism (as I know, fascist Italy did not use swastika as its symbol and Hitler's party was far from coming to power)
    – Anixx
    Sep 24, 2020 at 12:26
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    Read the answer. That the question is not identical doesn't prevent the answer from being identical. Sep 24, 2020 at 12:28
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    @jamesqf i dont think the ussr was closed in 1925
    – Anixx
    Sep 24, 2020 at 21:36

2 Answers 2

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As pointed out by user LangLangC, both the question and the answers should really be from the point of view of educated and/or politically interested parts of Soviet society. Unfortunately I do not speak any Russian, so I can only answer this for educated and/or politically interested parts of German society.

However, the Soviet Union did often take notice of events in Europe (see e.g. stuff named after Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, two communist leaders murdered in 1919, by members of the same political movement that would bear swastikas on their helmets in 1920), so what was recognized in Germany may also have been recognized in the Soviet Union.


The German political intellectual Kurt Tucholsky wrote several poems with allusions to Swastikas in the early and mid-1920s (the German term is "Hakenkreuz"). So my understanding is that this was commonly recognized as a symbol of right-wing extremism within Germany by the mid-1920s if not slightly earlier.

This seems to stem from the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, which was quite prominent in the destruction of the Munich Soviet Republic and during the Kapp-Putsch, and which extensively used swastika markings during the latter.

Given that the Soviet Union was fairly interested in what happened in Germany, it is possible that the film's inspiration for that symbolism is from there. On the other hand, as the answers to the question linked by Pieter Geerkens point out, there is also a connection between swastikas and White Russians during the Russian Civil War, which may be closer to home.


P.S. Another data point re. symbolism of the Hakenkreuz in Germany (and the knowledge thereof) may be obtained by searching through the Weltbühne editions archived at archive.org. Weltbühne was a leftist political magazine in the 1920s and 1930s. Editions before 1920 on archive.org are not easily searchable due to OCR problems, but the word appears only once in the first edition of 1920 (in reference to the Kapp-Putsch) and about five to 20 times in subsequent editions. So my guess is it got well-known in Germany during and after the Kapp-Putsch.

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    But that brigade did not use swastika, did they?...
    – Anixx
    Sep 24, 2020 at 12:53
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    @Anixx: One of the two pictures in the wikipedia article has a lorry full of Brigade members with swastikas on their helmets. Direct link: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/…
    – Jan
    Sep 24, 2020 at 13:19
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    Two more pictures from the Kapp-Putsch with swastikas: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/… and commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/…
    – Jan
    Sep 24, 2020 at 13:25
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    May I place a little ad? Related: skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/47652 Sep 24, 2020 at 14:08
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    "Within Germany" is surely not the only angle to analyse. Q asks for "internationally", when in reality it should mainly ask for "within the SU", as that would be the primary market for the movie! For SU and international communist agitation, I'd like to see some quotes that limit the scope or corroborate the movie. For 'internationally' look at papers like books.google.com/books?id=DsRYAAAAMAAJ&q=swastika+fascist from 1922. "Commonly" is also a strange category for an avantgarde agitation sci-fi movie. Sep 25, 2020 at 9:28
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No, the Swastika was not generally (especially not world wide) taken as the symbol of Fascism in 1925. The Soviet film (Наполеон Газ 1925 / Napoleon Gas) does not use the Nazi-Swastika, it uses the Fylfot (left-facing) and Gammadion (right-facing) swastikas forms (see images below).

Adolf Hitler and his party were generally unknown at the time outside of Bavaria. When the party was founded in January 1920, the later Nazi-Swastika was allready in use by right-wing groups. Most notably by the Marine-Brigade Ehrhardt during the Kapp-Putsch of March 1920.
The party itself had just been refounded in February 1925 and the first band of Mein Kampf was published in July 1925 (the second in December 1926).

Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Im Deutschen Reich war die NSDAP bis zu den Reichstagswahlen 1928 nur eine von mehreren antisemitischen und völkischen Parteien, zeigte aber spätestens bei der Reichstagswahl ihre herausragende Stellung in diesem Spektrum.

In the German Reich, the NSDAP was only one of several anti-Semitic and ethnic parties until the Reichstag elections in 1928, but showed its prominent position in this spectrum at the latest by the Reichstag elections.

The Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei (DVFP) did use the symbol in the 1924 Reichstag election:

(img src)

which had split from the main Nationalistic party Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP) in 1922.

The DNVP recieved in the 1924 election 19,5%, the DVFP 6,6%.


If any symbol generally represented Fascism at that time, then that of the National Fascist Party of Italy (Classical Fascism) that had been ruling since 1922.

A Bundle of sticks and Axe


The swastika's shown in the film (on the black garments) are of the Fylfot (left-facing) and Gammadion (right-facing) types, with the broken portions of its legs shortened and not the Nazi swastika used a 5 × 5 diagonal grid, but with the legs unshortened.

17:32, 1052

  • [16:42] 2 higher rank members being lead to dressing room
    • being escorted by 2 lower ranked (subservient) members

17:04, 1024

  • [17:04] higher ranked member being let into secret chamber after dressing (left)
    • lower ranked member guarding/opening the secret door (right) enter image description here

17:32, 1052

  • [17:32] higher ranked member being seated inside meeting chamber

See also Symbols of state independence (German version only) and Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century , where the versions shown in the film were used in eastern Europe (Finnland, Poland, Russia) shortly after WWI to 1929.

Since the early Middle Ages the sign of the swastika was well established among all Slavic lands. Known as swarzyca, it was primarily associated with one of the Slavic gods named Svarog.

Note': Doubts have been expressed about the reliability of original source used by Wikipedia for this quote.

  • Badges worn by the Kalmyk formations of the Red Army in 1919
    • Gammadion (right-facing), with the broken portions of its legs

  • Federacja Polskich Związków Obrońców Ojczyzny, 1929
    • Gammadion (right-facing), with the broken portions of its legs

Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century
The Nazi Party adopted the symbol in the 1920s, and its use in Western countries faded after the Nazi association became dominant in the 1930s. In recent decades many public swastikas have been removed or covered over, although others have been deliberately retained as part of debate about historical preservation.

  • 1916 White swastika 6 pence war savings coupon. Jones Type 1, Issue 1 (United Kingdom)

Sources:

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    I think you are missing the bigger picture to some extent. "Fascism" has always been used as a shorthand for rightwing extremism. Especially in the soviet sphere. The swastika had been used by German right-wingers since before WWI and very publicly so when they tried to overthrow the German government in 1920. So "NSDAP was generally unknown" (even if it was true, which it is not) does not imply that the swastika was generally not recognized as a symbol of rightwing extremism.
    – Jan
    Sep 24, 2020 at 23:58
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    Front page of a Berlin newspaper from November 10th, 1923, mentioning Hitler right below WWI second-in-command Ludendorff: zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/…
    – Jan
    Sep 25, 2020 at 0:00
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    @Jan But in other countries (and even inside Germany in 1925) rightwing extremist parties didn't use the Swastika as their symbol. The DNVP (which won 19.5% in the 1924 election) didn't do so. Their ratical split off (DVFP, 6.6%) did. This lumping togeather of different fractions is misleading. The OP question is about how was seen in 1925, not how it was perceived after 1945. Sep 25, 2020 at 5:56
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    @Jan The true expansion of the NSDAP in northern Germany (eventually replacing the DVFP) started in 1925/26. In the Reichstag election of 1928 they recieved 2.6% (DVPN 14.3%, DVFP 0%). The newspaper report of 1923 only shows that the name was not completely unknown. They became truly relevant during the 1929-30 period when they overhauled the DVPN (7%) with 18.3% in the 1930 election. Sep 25, 2020 at 6:38
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    A fundamental problem apparent here is that DVFP used this as own self branding when operating as ersatz for NS party in cooperation with its members, while mother party DNVP and NSDAP all had affinity to the symbol and for what it stood (=much more%). As this is a Soviet film: we need more a look at 'branding the enemy'? As such it seems that a look at KKK (what's their symbol?) + Swastika, American (=world capitalism, general reactionary forces, how did they get to Leningrad on land?) might be helpful? Or: why the hoods if the cross would suffice? How did Soviets label 'enemies'? Sep 25, 2020 at 12:33

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