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The gospel of Mark is conventionally dated to somewhere very close to the Roman-Jewish War (Telford, 1999, p. 12ff). There are clear references to the 70 CE destruction of the Second Temple in Mark 11:12-23, 13:2, 13:28, 15:37-38, so there doesn't seem to be much doubt that it dates to at least as late as this period. But I can't seem to find any similarly solid argument as to why the date can't be several decades later.

Luke drew from Mark, so Mark has to be earlier than Luke, but Luke's date is very uncertain, possibly as late as 110 CE.

Brandon (1961) paints a pretty plausible picture in which the Markan author, living in Rome, does the final literary work on the gospel right around the time of a huge triumphal procession in Rome marking the fall of Jerusalem. It sounds reasonable, but not conclusive.

Brandon, in addition to his general plausibility argument, does give one other argument that seems to have more independent persuasiveness, which is that Mark 3:18 refers to Σίμωνα τὸν Καναναῖον (without giving a translation, as he normally does for transliterated Aramaic words) in order to avoid controversy about Jewish nationalism (which would have been a big deal ca. 70 CE), whereas Luke later reverts it to the more normal Greek Σίμωνα τὸν καλούμενον Ζηλωτὴν (Simon the Zealot). This sounds pretty good, but hardly enough of a solid argument, all by itself, on which to rule out dates much later than 70.

Is there some reason why it's really not plausible for Mark to be much later?

References

Brandon, S. G. F. (1961). The Date of the Markan Gospel. New Testament Studies, 7(02), 126. https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0028688500005336

Telford, 1999, The Theology of the Gospel of Mark

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    Only one of the verses you cite is a "clear" reference to the 70 AD destruction of the second temple... and it's a prediction. (By Christ Himself, no less.) The lack of any mention of said destruction as having occurred is evidence that none of the NT was written after 70 AD. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1433580756 goes into more detail. (Also, I believe there are earlier sources that quote Mark, making a date as late as 110 AD impossible.)
    – Matthew
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 6:15
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    @Matthew Why would we expect a work set in the recent past to refer to events that happened later as having occurred? Especially if they involve a historical irony?
    – Davislor
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 18:38
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    @Davislor, so you've decided a priori that Mark is fiction? You believe that someone would, for example, write a biography (claimed to be non-fiction) of Hitler circa 2000 and not mention anything that happened after 1935? For what reason? Is it possible? Maybe. Is it likely? No. It's more likely that Mark (and the rest of the NT) was written before 70 AD.
    – Matthew
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 19:29
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    Given that it references the fall of the temple, it's more likely to be written after that happened. Anyone can set something in the past and 'predict' something which has happened since the time-setting of the text. On other hand it's relatively less likely that someone made an accurate prediction of the future. To use your words - possible, but unlikely.
    – Ne Mo
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 20:41
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    @NeMo: That line of reasoning is really flawed. Extant copies of Isaiah predate AD 30 (estimated to have been written BC 50) yet they give prophesy that would be accounted as fulfilled circa AD 30.
    – Joshua
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 23:28

4 Answers 4

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The question needs a couple of frame challenges. Dating solutions for the gospel of Mark do range from ~40s–140s.

It is correct to say that the most common/popular/conventional dating would put Mark around 70, because a vaticinium ex eventu argument that says 'predictions are hard if they are about the future'. The thinking is: if the to-be-destroyed temple is mentioned, and was destroyed in reality, then this prediction is more likely not a prediction, but hindsight addition, and therefore puts that gospel as after the temple destruction.

This sounds convincing. The problem is of course that we do not have a complete Markan gospel from much later (even the oldest tiny fragment {\mathfrak {P}}137 was once announced as a 'First Century Mark' but is now dated as late as "later 2nd or earlier 3rd") and then dating the entire gospel on this one event/line of text conveniently overlooks that we are sure that the text was written and rewritten several times. The ending is even available in more than one version with 'the longer one' only evidenced by the second half of the second century (post 155). Therefore, also this one passage about a destroyed temple could have been inserted after the destruction, while most if not all of the rest might be in fact much older. One extreme position still held but not widely supported is 'very early dating', just after the crucifixion/resurrection (Easter), and the temple episode even being a real prediction. But this fixed point in time alone is just no sound argument for dating the entire text conclusively as one unaltered unit to such a seemingly precise date.

There is no clean solution to the synoptic problem, since all theories proposed have distinct advantages and disadvantages, none of those solving all problems and most leading to further questions.

We therefore still have to contend that either parts of the text, or 'source material', might have been written relatively early, that even a longer proto-Mark might have existed quite early on, but that at least the 'final' canonised version is perhaps of a quite late date.

This 'late dating' faction does propose a date for Mark that either approaches 110 or even later. This is a minority position even in European theology, with apparently most American scholars rejecting it wholesale, but growing from its initial presentation by Semler and then Harnack and now being developed into a full reconstruction of 'the oldest gospel' by Klinghardt since the early 2000s:

The core of that hypothesis is that the synoptic problem is supposedly 'solved best' not with Markan priority like in the two source theory, but with Markionite priority!

That would mean Marcion was only born in 85, either found, collected or wrote his proto-gospel, and presented this together with his collection of 10 letters of Paul as 'the canon' to the church in Rome, which then responded, or rather had to respond in writing more gospels.

The more traditional interpretation is that 'Marcion rewrote Luke' to make the text fit his 'arch-heretic views', but that presents more problems than it solves. The proposal that Luke would be a rewrite of Marcion on the other hand avoids many of those problems while having relatively few weaknesses on its own. That is: If it would not run counter to many beliefs in scholarship and force a very late dating of all canonised gospels!

First, the general picture confirms the critical arguments brought forward from both sides against their respective counterparts. On the one hand, "Q" is, indeed, "dispensable." The inclusion of Men avoids the methodological weakness of the 2DH with regard to the minor agreements and the hypothetical character of "Q": Compared to "Q", Men is clearly less "hypothetical", even though its text must be critically reconstructed from the sources and even though its place within the maze of the synoptic problem requires careful assessment. On the other hand, the basic observations that led to the hypothesis of "Q" in the first place, i.e. the bidirectional influence within the double tradition, are equally confirmed. The postulate of a single dependence of Luke on Matthew (or of Matthew on Luke) oversimplifies the complexities of the inter-synoptic relations. But it is neither possible nor necessary to establish such a single dependence. Instead, the inclusion of the "proto-Lukan" gospel which was used by Marcion easily explains the ambiguity of the material. Particularly with respect to the 2DH the burden of proof has shifted to those who suggest the existence of "Q" in order to explain the synoptic relations.

Second: What seems to make this picture complicated at first glance, indicates a major shift in methodology when compared to 19th century source-criticism. Although the 2DH tried to overcome the blockades of single dependencies, it is still basically oriented towards the simple usage of sources: it only augmented the number of relevant sources. Although the inclusion of Men is a similar augmentation of "sources", the evolving picture is different: whereas the 2DH tried to explain the complexity of the data by the addition of two basic sources (Mark + Q), the inclusion of Men demonstrates that both Matthew and Luke received their triple tradition material via two different routes: Matthew read Mark directly and in its revised edition in Men, and Luke used Men both directly and in Matthew's revised and enlarged edition. Since Luke, as it was demonstrated, also did know and use Mark, Mark was present in all stages of the synoptic tradition. The editorial procedure of both, Matthew and Luke, was not a mere addition of "sources" but a comparison of texts and concepts. This is fully consonant with the insight of the redaction history that the evangelists were ambitious and competent authors rather than mere editors. The mutual inter-dependencies create the complex maze of the synoptic tradition which, as a result, must be regarded as a much denser process than the 2DH suggested.

Finally, it is clear that this paper only intends to open the window for further discussion: I am fully aware that I am far from seeing all the implications and consequences of this suggestion, neither within the realm of the traditional issues of the synoptic problem nor the historical consequences that lie beyond it. But since this model provides a solution of the contentious issues of the present debate, it may help to break the deadlock in which the discussion of the synoptic problem seems to be caught for too long now.

— Matthias Klinghardt: "The Marcionite Gospel and the Synoptic Problem: A New Suggestion", Novum Testamentum , 2008, Vol. 50, Fasc. 1 (2008), pp. 1–27. jstor

This is then fully developed in the reasoned theory and even reconstruction of the lost Markionite gospel text:

Also for the dating of the preceding steps of tradition, i.e. the origin of the pre-canonical gospels (*Mk; *Mt; *Joh), there are hardly any clues. The oldest gospel looks back with certainty to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. Even if the lk editorship has brought this event even more into focus and interpreted it theologically, statements such as *21,5f.20 can probably only be understood in such a way that the destruction of Jerusalem already dates back. Although the destruction of Jerusalem is the most prominent historical event in the history of Judea in the second half of the 1st century and has therefore been used again and again for the dating of the Gospels, it does not provide the only clue. For the story of the possessed Gerasenes in Mk 5 I have shown elsewhere that the combination of the Decapolis city Gerasa with the many-headed demon called "Legion" as well as the drowning of the swine in the Sea of Galilee presupposes conditions that are not even conceivable before the end of the 80s of the 1st century: [...]

For Gerasa a Roman presence on a larger scale is epigraphically secured only in the context of the city expansion from the end of the 80s. Since *8,26-37 with the idiosyncratic localization of the event in Gerasa and the presence of "legion-demons" contains the same elements as Mk 5, the same conclusions are to be drawn for the dating of Mcn: Before the end of the 80s the writing of Mcn is more than unlikely. […]

However, these dating proposals represent only a majority opinion: The actual range of the seriously discussed datings is much broader and covers about 100 years from the 40s of the 1st century to the mid-140s.48 The widespread majority opinion with the datings between 70 and 90 AD is not only not very sustainable (which most authors do acknowledge), but also not very consistent, as can be seen especially in the determination of the terminus ante quem: Here, as a rule, it is not really evident how a dating even before the turn of the 2nd century can be justified. For the internal criteria that are usually given for this do not really allow these restrictions. Given these uncertainties, it is not advisable to add more to these rough estimates: There is simply not enough information for that.

However, two methodological notes are indicated. First, it has been shown that the canonical Lk only came into being in the context of the Canonical Edition. If this edition is to be seen in the context of Marcion's separation from the Roman community and at the same time Justin can be regarded as the earliest witness of this edition, one arrives at the decade between 144 and 155 A.D. for the origin of Lk.50 The discrepancy between this and the traditional dating should warn against the attempt to date the pre-canonical Gospels too precisely solely on the basis of internal criteria.

A second point of view arises from the great uniformity of the Gospel tradition: the close literary recourse of the individual stages of transmission to all the respective pre-texts indicates that the process of the formation of the pre-canonical tradition between Mcn and *Joh need by no means have extended over the entire period between 90 and about 144 CE: Months or a few years rather than decades may lie between the various pre-canonical transmission stages.

If one takes both considerations together, then a period suggests itself for the writing of the pre-canonical gospels, which must have lasted not longer than few years. Various scenarios are conceivable here. A continuous process is possible, which - in analogy to the widespread assumptions for the origin of the canonical gospels - calculates with longer intervals between the individual stages of transmission and fills the entire possible period. With an even distribution one would come for Mcn to the time from 90, for *Mk to the first decade of the 2nd century, for *Mt to the mid-120s and and for *Joh to the time shortly before 144. It would also be conceivable that the entire written gospel tradition would have originated in only a few years at the very beginning of the period (between 90 and 100) or even at its very end (130 to 144). And finally, it is also possible that Mcn existed as the only Gospel for a longer period of time from about the 90s, but that the pre-canonical updating from *Mk to *Joh took only a few years; such an updating could be imagined up to the turn of the century, but it could just as well have taken place only in the 130s. These considerations show on the one hand the great danger of arbitrary determinations, but on the other hand they make clear the scope for further research.

— Matthias Klinghardt: "Das älteste Evangelium und die Entstehung der kanonischen Evangelien", Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Zeitalter 60, Franke: Tübingen, 2015. gBooks, above: my translation

In that model, the relationships between the different gospels and their traditions look like these two schematics:

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Markion-Evangelium_und_synoptische_Beziehungen_nach_M._Klinghardt.png

klinghardt_s_marcion_hypothesis_-_four_canonical_gospels

(first graphic from Klinghardt's German Wikipedia page, second from the English WP: Priority of the Gospel of Marcion)

This idea was of course quite heavily criticised (examples on the respective Wikipedia pages or especially here), not only for its consequences, but in some detail, while nevertheless prising some of its aspects. One critic who seems to have converted to this idea would be Vinzent:

Markus Vinzent is the head of the research project at the Max Weber Centre for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies on the place of Marcion of Sinope in the development of the gospel genre. The project, entitled ‘The Gospel of Marcion: The Beginnings of Christianity’, proceeds from the premise that the four canonical gospels of the New Testament were composed in the first-century and were canonised following the end of the second-century AD.

The project brings into question the scholarly consensus surrounding the dating and redaction history of the canonical gospels, to show that the teacher and naval merchant, Marcion, was the first to compile a work of literature recognisable today as belonging to the gospel tradition. The predominant language of Marcion’s home region, Sinope, a Bithynian-Pontian Roman province, is widely accepted to be Pontiac Greek, a dialect of Ancient Greek, although it remains yet unknown, whether or not Marcion was fluent in the language.

Vinzent (2014) argues, that the core writings of the New Testament were likely heavily redacted, if not outright created, in the second-century AD, namely the canonical gospels (as well as the non-canonical gospels), which stem from the middle of the second-century AD, the Pauline Epistles (going back to Paul, but severely redacted when further ‘Pauline’ letters and Acts were added).

Even further redactions followed in the second-century, when the texts were gathered to form the collection of the New Testament. The Roman teacher and merchant, Marcion of Sinope, is regarded by Christianity as one of its key thinkers and founders, and is associated with the first compilation of a gospel and 10 Pauline letters. Vinzent’s views stand apart from the conventional understanding of scholarship. The early Church first developed itself out of a ‘Jewish sect’, but it failed to shed its Jewish trappings until Marcion reinterpreted it in the years following 140 AD. For Vinzent, it was Marcion, who through the corpus of the ten Pauline Epistles and his one Gospel, helped to spread the belief in the Resurrection of Christ throughout Christendom.

Thus Marcion’s Gospel is taken to be the historical font for each of the four canonical gospels, because they consult Marcion as their source. In his own words, Marcion created the literary genre of the gospel tradition and gave his work its name, all whilst without historical precedent in the attachment of the name of this genre to the story of Jesus.

Thus, one can date Mark "as late as 110", and even later, but it's simply not the most popular position.

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    Interesting scholarship, but I'm always very skeptical when a modern academic -- who gets published for papers overturning past consensus, not for saying "Yup. The traditional dates seem good to me, too." -- comes up with a closely reasoned argument based on indirect evidence that the near-contemporary conclusions are wrong. (Not to say that the academic is wrong; just that the academic has a heavy burden of proof which only rarely seems to be be met.)
    – Mark Olson
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 16:04
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    @MarkOlson Your approach should be the default one. Here I'd like to emphasise that all dating attempts still have proponents, and they all get published, with the 'rather later' faction gaining more ground, but slowly it seems. Most closely related to the general dating problem of supposedly largely independent texts, is the all-at-once canonisation angle that Trobisch's First Edition revolutionised by showing a uniform redaction/editorial step for the very first papyrii we have, which are late. 0 clear solution, fierce debates continue… Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 22:40
  • An astonishing concise podcast on the issues, with Vinzent: YouTube: Marcion And The Dating Of The Synoptic Gospels - Professor Markus Vinzent Commented Jul 25, 2022 at 0:17
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    The difficulty of extremely late dates for Mark is the writings of Polycarp, but that doesn't buy much because it still allows for as late as AD 120. The more commonly given evidence for a pre AD 70 dating is the phrase in the synoptic Gospels "to this day" referring to places in Jerusalem that were destroyed in AD 70. The prophesy gives the destruction of the temple, and nearby prophesies give a captivity of Jerusalem but being completely destroyed beyond even what the Babylonians did is not prophesied. Who would back-write a prophesy for a historical event and understate it?
    – Joshua
    Commented Jul 25, 2022 at 4:07
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    @LаngLаngС Point taken! My own background is physics (quantum chemistry) and throughout the sciences the same factors encourage people to publish crap papers which are then hyped (usually by the university publicity office) and we see "New study says..." headlines touting nonsense. The results get tested soon enough and rejected or ignored, and have little or no impact on the actual science. I assume that pretty much the same process goes on in historical research, with the handicap that additional data is hard to come by.
    – Mark Olson
    Commented Jul 25, 2022 at 12:55
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After making a timeline of Jesus and early Christianity, it seems to me very difficult to date Mark gospel later than during the 80' decade. I'm not expert in the topic, but Mark's gospel fits well with early dating just after the Roman Jewish War, although as said, the window is open up to the early II century. I must say making such a timeline was difficut, many datings are not that clear and I'm sure this timeline contains errors.

enter image description here

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I thank LangLangC for his answer, which helpfully points out that at least some modern scholars, motivated by the hypothesis of Marcionite priority, are willing to consider much later dates for Mark. Although the answer doesn't point to any actual dating arguments or evidence, and Marcionite priority seems to be a bit of a fringe theory, the answer does suggest where to look for such arguments and evidence, which would be in recent scholarly debates about this hypothesis. Using this lead, I did manage to turn up the following.

One of the two most visible proponents of the hypothesis, Markus Vinzent, has a blog post in which he quotes a lengthy footnote by Udo Schnelle, in James W. Thompson, 'Die ersten 100 Jahre des Christentums', an English-langauge 3rd ed., p. 466-467, note 41. (Vinzent shows some irritation at being dismissed in a footnote.) If Schnelle is an expert on these topics, and is trying his best to shoot holes in Vinzent's theory by using dates, then presumably this would be a good summary of current arguments that would limit how late Mark can be.

Schnelle's note contains two different types of arguments. First, he tries to show that other writers refer to the canonical gospels earlier than the lifetime of Marcion:

The common claim that before Marcion (in Rome ca. 140; in his home in Sinope ca. 120 CE) no evidence exists for a Gospel (e.g. Vinzent, Die Auferstehung Christi, 119-20) is not convincing. The Didache (ca. 120) presupposes the presence of the Gospel of Matthew and (indirectly) the Gospel of Mark (cf. Did. 15.3//Matt. 18:15; Did. 8.2//Matt.6:7-13; Did. 9.5//Matt. 7:6a; Did. 7.1//Matt. 28:19; Did. 8.1-2//Matt. 6:2, 5; Did. 11.7//Matt. 12:31-32; Did. 16.1//Matt. 24:42; 25:1-13'. For the detailed argument, cf. Wengst, Didache, 24-32. The Papias fragment (ca. 130) in Eusebius (Hist. eccl. 3.34.15-16) attests Mark and Matthew as writers of Gospels. Justin, the contemporary of Marcion, cites from the written text of Matthew (Matt. 11;17) and presupposes readings from the Gospels each Sunday (1 Apol. 67.3). Moreover, the Lord's Supper tradition in 1 Apol. 66.3 refers explicitly to the tradition of the Gospels (cf. Luke 22:19). The Gospel of John is attested in P52 (middle of the second half of the second century CE) in Egypt and must have been written a considerable time before that. For the Gospel of Luke, Marcion is the first (indirect) witness. However this fact certainly does not preclude its being written considerably earlier.

I have to say that I don't find any of this particularly convincing.

Re Papias, modern scholars seem to reject his attributions as attempts to lend authority to the canonical gospels, which would make him not a very reliable source -- and his motivation for these attributions would also be a motivation for him to represent the canonical gospels as being as early as possible.

The argument based on the Didache, if valid, would only limit Mark to 120 CE. And in any case Vinzent attacks this dating of the Didache as unreliable. (I'm not sufficiently knowledgeable to judge whether Vinzent is right here.)

The final couple of sentences provide a whole different line of argument.

The classic dating of the Gospels (and Acts) between 70 and 100 CE is evident in the situation presupposed in them and the history of early Christianity. Without the Jesus traditions of the Gospels, the expansion of Christianity in this period is not conceivable.

This seems extremely unpersuasive to me. There is no reason that Christianity can't have spread through some combination of other oral and written means, for many decades before the final forms were set for any of the texts we now have access to or can reconstruct.

So in answer to my own original question, my impression (based on the limited information I've been able to turn up) is that there is no firm reason at all why Mark can't be as late as 110 CE, or maybe even later. There are just indirect and circumstantial arguments, such as Σίμωνα τὸν Καναναῖον and speculations about the dynamics of the spread of early Christianity. I'm sure that people like Brandon and Schnelle have a good feel for the period, and are satisfied that their picture of the chronology is pretty close to the truth because, for them, it makes everything hang together. However, there doesn't seem to be much evidence of any more definite character.

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    This concentrates on dismissing other arguments but isn't very strong in putting forward a clear answer of its own.
    – Steve Bird
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 15:10
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    @SteveBird - ..which would kind of make it not an answer, but rather a comment on other posts, which technically means it should be deleted. Answer posts are supposed to be reserved for post that actually answer the question that was asked.
    – T.E.D.
    Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 15:25
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    Hi fdkjghsdfkgshdk! Are you as answer writer identical with @zyKmgB91 the question asker? If so, I think it would help somewhat to either make this more clear in the text of this answer (I do interpret it this way, but am not sure), or even 'request a user merge'? Commented Jul 24, 2022 at 20:46
  • "Papias, modern scholars seem to reject his attributions as attempts to lend authority to the canonical gospels, which would make him not a very reliable source..." Well, that opinion by "modern scholars" presupposes that Papias is a flat out liar. And that goes against the very ethics of the Christian faith that he was promoting. (John 8:44) The church custodians of the N.T. manuscripts, where Mark last resided, claimed the Gospels with the genealogies were written first. So, arguments for a late dating of Mark needs to also take the dating of Luke into account. (Eusebius, H.E. 6.14.5–7)
    – Jess
    Commented Jul 25, 2022 at 22:57
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The most compelling reason not to date Mark as late as the 110s in my opinion is that the author of Mark is obsessed with the destruction of the Jewish temple which took place in the year 70. To produce a gospel as obsessed with this event as Mark, it would be drastically more likely that the author is writing closer in time to the event than almost an entire lifetime later.

Regarding Mark’s obsession with the destruction of the temple, there are the four super obvious explicit references already mentioned, and one of them is basically the entirety of chapter 13, which is approximately 5% of the gospel and is the climactic highlight prior to the crucifixion. However, in addition to these blatantly obvious references, there are extremely large numbers of allusions to the temple’s destruction.

The most obvious is the cursing of the fig tree which wraps the story of Jesus entering and completely disrupting all temple functions. The message that it is not the season for figs really means that it is no longer the season of the temple.

Possibly the second most obvious reference to the temple’s destruction is the parable of the wicked tenants. The parable is a metaphor that God will destroy the wicked priesthood that crucified his son and their temple with them.

There are probably more pericopes in Mark that are commenting on the temple’s destruction, but these are two of the most obvious.

Lastly, the gospel authors all made very large numbers of literary references to what we now would call the Old Testament. The author of Mark made a notable number of obvious literary references to passages talking about Solomon’s temple and its destruction. The book Deciphering the Gospels Proves Jesus Never Existed contains a list of at least half a dozen such allusions.

The bottom line is that there are as many references to the destruction of the temple as there are chapters and they are all throughout Mark. The author was indisputably completely obsessed with this event. This doesn’t prove it couldn’t have been written as late as 110, but it strongly suggests that the author is more likely to be close in time to the event and to have had extremely strong feelings about it.

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    Sources would prove your answer. Commented Jul 20 at 3:38
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    This appears to be an extreme subset of an argument made 2 years ago in the currently top-rated answer, only shorter and without any of its references, mentions of Biblical scholars who subscribe to it, or counter-arguments.
    – T.E.D.
    Commented Jul 20 at 5:03
  • Like I said in my post, the four explicit references were already mentioned and “cursing of fig tree” and “parable of the wicked tenants” are chapter subheadings in a standard Bible. My last claim of half a dozen literary references is sourced. I guess I could have added chapter and verse numbers but anyone who cares to double check what I wrote should have absolutely no difficulty confirming anything I said.
    – Jonathan
    Commented Jul 21 at 3:32

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