Citing wikipedia: "...the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny". I wonder why, especially because its location is not so far away from South America.
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2What do you mean by "conquer". To my mind, "conquering" involves warfare, which only applies if there is an opponent present (e.g. in Antartica). Maybe what you mean is "settle"? (This could raise the further question when the tip of South America was first settled.)– DruxJan 22, 2013 at 10:25
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3The question is really: do we have reason to think that other people (e.g. South-American Natives) could have discovered - or settled - Antarctica before 1820? Would permanent settlements be possible under the conditions of the Medieval Warm Period?– astabadaJan 22, 2013 at 10:41
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Why would you conquer a continent with no natives, and no exploitable resources? How can you settle a continent where no crops can be grown?– MCW ♦Jan 22, 2013 at 11:25
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@astabada First things first, why didn't they settled Falkland Islands despite they discovered them? These are 500 km to the east, and not yet in subarctic climate zone proper.– kubanczykJan 22, 2013 at 12:56
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It's been generally accepted that to claim land, a country would need to have a permanent settlement there, meaning people living there all year round. We still don't do that on Antarctica 200 years after it was first recorded to have been sighted because it's too bloody hard to supply them there and they can't be self-sufficient even with our current levels of engineering, science, and knowledge about hydroponic agriculture.– jwentingJan 24, 2013 at 9:48
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1 Answer
Existence
The existence of a Southern Land was postulated by the Greeks, on grounds of symmetry. Aristotle (Meterologica, II, 5) writes:
Now since there must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our pole, it will clearly correspond in the ordering of its winds as well as in other things. So just as we have a north wind here, they must have a corresponding wind from the antarctic.
Settlement
The closest historical episode of settlement in the polar region that I can think of is the Norse settlement of Greenland. The differences are striking.
The Norse were a seafaring, agricultural society. They could rely on a (comparatively, see below) advanced political system to support their expeditions. Settlements in Greenland were supplied with local agriculture and trade, and trees were notably growing in the region for them to build and cook. They remained small, because the climate was nevertheless rigid and there weren't many suitable places were to create settlements. Climate change, alongside the arrival of the Inuit people, determined the failure of their colonization attempts.
On the other hemisphere, the only candidate people we can reasonably think of are:
- Polynesian people
- South African people
- South American people
Of these, only the Polynesian had sufficient seafaring abilities to reach Antarctica in great numbers. Coming from Equatorial and Tropical regions, they were unprepared to settle in the harsh (euphemism) climate of Antarctica. Even though in the Medieval Warm Period the climate could have been milder, it was still a challenge for the Norse in Greenland. The Arctic temperatures in turn are milder than those of the antipodal region, so even if there was discovery, most certainly there has been no colonization.
The South American Yaghan people, used simple canoes to travel between islands. Their adaptation to cold does not seem adequate to face Antarctica's climate. (Compare e.g. to Inuit's clothings).
This rules out any previous settlement.
Discovery
As for the discovery, we must consider that none of these people left written records, so we must rely on oral accounts.
Hui-Te-Rangiora
Polynesian oral history relates that a great explorer, Hui-Te-Rangiora, sailing far south of New Zealand around 650 A.D., discovered a “white land”:
According to traditional accounts the chief Hui-Te-Rangiora, was the first person to discover Antarctica. Leaving Rarotonga in the Cook Islands, he was given directions to reach Aotearoa – New Zealand but he and his crew missed it and carried on until they saw “a white land that was floating.” These white lands are accredited to the great icebergs of Antarctica.
from Maori associations with the Antarctic, Turi McFarlane, Canterbury University, 2008
Te Waka o Tamarereti
Maori oral traditional also tells of the Polynesian explorer Tamarereti who also ventured south to find a “white land”. [...] he was a mortal being albeit the most intrepid of ancient mariners, but mortal nevertheless, suggesting a historical perspective more so than a mythological one. The Maori had observed the Aurora of the far southern regions, when the whole sky seemed to be ablaze at regular intervals. It was thought that a god may have kept his temple there and that the “darting shafts of splendour were signals of his activities.” Because this was a puzzle to the cosmological Maori sages (tohunga), Tamarereti (Reti) announced that he would voyage to the far south and discover the secret of the Aurora. [...] Te Rua o Maahu, a magnificent ocean going canoe was built of Totara and ornamented with plumes of feathers and paua shell. [...] the far south was reached as the tale consists of enormous ice cliffs with towering mountain ranges behind them. The ice cliffs were described as having no footing. The season was said to be suited to observation of the Aurora Australis which was a spectacular blaze of colour and eventually after shortening days the sun disappeared completely their guide the stars alone implying that they crossed the Antarctic Circle.
ibid.
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I don't understand how the quote from Aristotle implies the intuition of a land in Antartica. AFAIU, he only infers that southern regions that correspond to what we know as South America, Australia or South Africa should be facing a southern wind similar to the northern wind he experiences in Greece.– EvargaloSep 14, 2018 at 14:41