Was any pope imprisoned during his service to Catholic Church?

Question

On 11 February 2013, the Vatican announced that Pope Benedict XVI would resign on 28 February, due to infirmity from advanced age. Earlier in the history, few popes resigned similar way, probably the most important being Gregory XII, who resigned in 1415, in order to end the time of the Western Schism.

But few of popes made it official, that they automatically resign from their functions if they get imprisoned. Examples are Pius VII in the times of Napoleon Wars and later Pius XII during the World War II.

My question is, if any of the popes were in fact imprisoned by anybody in the time of their service as a head of the Catholic Church?

I don't count Celestine V, who became imprisoned by Boniface VIII, as it happened two years after he resigned by himself of being a pope.

Answer 1

The French imprisoned both Pius VI and Pius VII.

You should be able to find plenty of hits during the "pornocracy" between 867–1049 CE. Leo V was imprisoned by an antipope. John X was imprisoned at the height of the pornocracy as was poor Benedict VI. John IV was another unfortunate who was imprisoned by an antipope.

Then there's infamous Formosus who, one could opine, was incarcerated within his coffin until he was exhumed, placed on trial, found guilty, thrown into a river, recovered, reburied, re-exhumed, re-tried, found guilty, beheaded, and so on.

Answer 2

Pope Liberius was exiled to Thrace for a while in the mid 4th century.

During the early middle ages it was not unheard of for the Byzantine emperor to send people to arrest (or murder) the Pope in Rome when he started acting too independently for the emperor's taste. A prime example is Pope Martin I, who was arrested on the orders of Emperor Constans II and banished to the Crimea. The dispute was over an arcane detail of nature of the trinity, but the root issue was really about who had the ultimate authority over the church, Pope or Emperor.

As time went by, this got harder and harder for the Byzantines to do, and eventually the Popes started looking toward western authorities (starting with the Catholic Franks) for temporal protection rather than the Byzantines.

During much of the late middle ages, the papacy became pretty much a political plaything for north Italian rulers. It also controlled a fair bit of territory in central Italy, and thus spent a fair bit of time doing stuff that today we would consider rather inappropriate duties for the Vicar of Christ, like fielding armies and waging war on his Italian neighbors. Some of the popes during this period were decidedly less-than-holy men, even by the standards of the day.

My personal favorite from this period was (Anti)Pope John XXIII. He was put on trial, and as Gibbon put it, "The more scandalous charges were suppressed; the vicar of Christ was accused only of piracy, rape, sodomy, murder and incest." Eventually he was imprisoned in Germany, released, and (incredibly), made a Cardinal.

Still, typically what it took to get arrested was a dispute with a king, such as happened between Pope Boniface VIII and Phillip IV of France. The pope excommunicated Phillip and a local Italian family head, so they had the Pope arrested and tried to get him to abdicate. He refused, so he was just beaten up badly and left to die. There seems to be some dispute over his actual cause of death, but it occurred barely a month after his release.

Answer 3

Actually I've just found out about such situation. In 1303, Philip IV of France, who was in a long conflict with Pope Boniface VIII, decided to judge the pope for his blasphemies (as a politic consequence of the papal bull Unam Sanctam). He sent Guillaume de Nogaret with 1600 soldiers to Rome. Boniface VIII tried to escape, but was found in family residence of (his) Gaetani family. After imprisonment, Boniface VIII lost his mind and died from an attack of madness, later the same year. When two years later his body was digged out, it was found untouched by time. It led Philip IV to order next pope, Clement V, to burn the body at the stake.