Why was A.K.Gastev purged in 1939?

Question

Gastev was the chief Soviet proponent of Taylorism, aka scientific management:

In the Soviet Union, Taylorism was advocated by Aleksei Gastev and nauchnaia organizatsia truda (the movement for the scientific organisation of labor). It found support in both Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. Gastev continued to promote this system of labor management until his arrest and execution in 1939.

The institute he founded and directed till 1937 also did not overlive its creator by long - it was closed down in 1940 (though a rump of it was transferred to the aviation ministry).

Was Gastev's execution part of a general clampdown on scientific management in the Soviet Union during the period (the way Stalin proscribed and presecuted scientists who worked in other fields he disliked, such as genetics and cybernetics) or was it because of other reasons? (He was an "old Bolshevik", that is member of a group which was also singled out by Stalin for elimination).

To be sure, there seems to have been some persecution of the scientific management field:

Во второй половине 1930-х деятельность ЦИТ подвергается критике, прикладные науки о труде обвиняют в идеализме и методологической нейтральности, им навешивается ярлык «буржуазных» наук. Закрываются все лаборатории по промышленной психотехнике и психофизиологии труда, в значительной степени свертывается работа ЦИТа и местных институтов труда (в 1920-х годах их было свыше 10). В 1939 основателя и бессменного руководителя ЦИТ Гастева расстреляли за антисоветскую деятельность.

GT:

In the second half of 1930 has been criticized CIT activity, applied science Labour accused of idealism and methodological neutrality, they are labeled as "bourgeois" science. Closes all laboratory and industrial psychotechnics psychophysiology of labor, largely curtailed work ITCA and local institutions work (in 1920 there were over 10). In 1939, the founder and head of CIT Gasteva shot for anti-Soviet activities.

(the quote is from the Russian wikipedia article on CIT).

However, it is not clear whether other people who worked on scientific management were also executed or merely fired.

Answer 1

Sorry, this question has been here a while... But seems it still awaiting an answer

Gastev researches and work were not the reason of his persecution. You actually listed the major reason in your question, by the way.

There is a common (but mistaken) notion that revolutionary movements that overthrew royal dynasty was something solid. It was not. Revolutionary force consisted of a whole conglomerate of parties and lot of them had only single thing to unite them: 'get rid of tsar (king)'. This united bunch was responsible for February Revolution.
Half-year later there was a second revolution Great October Socialist Revolution. Result of that second revolution is that Bolshevik Party leaded by Vladimir Lenin usurped the power and started to get rid of 'recent friends'. 'Recent friends' in this context is are political parties which had significantly different views on further development of Russian state. Other parties which were not so different were eliminated during following Civil War.

Lenin is dead, Stalin is a leader of State and The Only One True Communist Party. All even remotely possible communist enemies have been eliminated.

--- That's time to get rid of possible competitors along Party members! ---

Along the first of competitors is Leon Trotsky. He was sent into exile and later on kicked out of a country.

Now we come to the time of Great Purge. What do you do to prevent potential competitors to get a stronghold and overthrow you? Right! you get rid off competitor's supporters. As you pointed out

It found support in both Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky.

Anyone who was anyhow even remotely connected to Trotsky were a major enemy of Stalin and consequently the State and should be eliminate. Such 'high-ranked' figures like Gastev would be executed immediately. Much less known and connected folk (like low-ranked technician in mentioned labor management university for example) would be sent to GULAG.

When I told "remotely connected to Trotsky", that does not mean that person should personally know Trotsky, support his views, anyhow sympathize him or God forbid question Stalin actions. No, the fact that Trotsky had somehow similar view on organization of labor management was more than enough reason to get a death sentence.

Answer 2

The decision to execute A.K.Gastev came from the very top. Quoting from the article "Central Institute of Labour" from the materials of the International Memorial, aka Мемориал,

Согласно исследованию А. Ткаченко-Гастева, правнука А. К. Гастева, решение о казни основателя ЦИТа связано с постановлением Политбюро от 8 апреля 1939 года расстрелять 198 руководителей «право-троцкистской, заговорщической организации» (Ткаченко-Гастев А. Последние месяцы жизни Алексея Капитоновича Гастева в материалах его следственного дела в Центральном Архиве ФСБ). Приговор привели в исполнение на полигоне «Коммунарка» 15 апреля 1939 года.

According to the study by A. Tkachenko-Gastev, the great-grandson of A. K. Gastev, the execution of the founder of the Central Institute of Labor [Gastev] was a part the resolution of the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party dated April 8, 1939, to execute the 198 leaders of the "Trotskyite-Rightist conspiracy."

The given reference is

A. Tkachenko-Gastev, "Last months of life of Alexei Kapitonovich Gastev according to the materials of his file in the Central Archives of the FSB."

The link to this reference is, unfortunately, broken, so I cannot say what else is there. Things are clarified a bit by the article "Поэт машинерии":

Но не ЦИТом единым жил Гастев. Увлечённый театрал и книгочей, известный литератор, яркий талант, он притягивал к себе многих незаурядных личностей. В его большой квартире недалеко от дома на Набережной всегда было много молодёжи. Вечерами приезжали артисты и писатели, часто звучала музыка и раздавался смех. С удовольствием приходили на огонёк Николай Бухарин и Алексей Рыков, а с лидером профсоюзов Михаилом Томским Алексей Капитонович очень близко дружил долгие годы. Кто бы мог тогда подумать, что знакомство с этими людьми, позже объявленными врагами народа, как бы вручит Гастеву «чёрную метку» и явится одной из причин обвинения его в правом уклоне. И приведёт сначала к аресту (7 сентября 1938 года), а затем и к расстрелу (15 апреля 1939 года).

According to the article, Gastev was a close friend of Mikhail Tomsky, one of the three main "leaders of the rightist opposition" and, to a lesser degree, of the two other "leaders," Bukharin and Rykov. This alone would have warranted (in Stalin's mind) Gastev's inclusion in the execution list. (Tomsky, a former head of the Soviet Trade Unions, committed suicide in 1936 once he realized where things are headed, while Bukharin and Rykov were executed after the 3rd Moscow show-trial in 1938.)

---

Other possible reasons are of the more ideological sorts, including the well-documented (see the same Memorial article) criticism of the Central Institute of Labour for its "lack of ideology" as well as the incompatibility of the central tenets of Gastev's scientific labour theory with the "Stakhanovite movement" (which empathized "heroic accomplishments by individual workers"). However, in my opinion, these would have been secondary reasons. Another possible reason would have been Gastev's correspondence with Henry Ford (which, alone, would have likely resulted in a sentence to Gulag under the article "Suspicion of Espionage," rather than in an immediate execution).

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Edit: This is to explain the origin of the "Trotskyite-Rightist conspiracy" that Gastev was accused of taking part in.

Stalin's Great Terror or Great Purge was a multi-faceted affair, but one aspect of it was a conclusion of the intra-party fight from the 1920s. The main four factions of the fight were:

• Trotsky's group (T)

• Followers of Zinoviev and Kamenev (ZK)

• Rightists, followers of the Bukharin-Rykov-Tomsky group (BRT)

• Stalin's followers.

The first two groups are usually described as "leftists" (in the Communist taxonomy of the period), they stood, among other things, for an early termination of NEP (New Economic Policy). Stalin first allied himself with KZ+BRT agains T, then with BRT against the "leftists" (the block of ZK+T) and, lastly, once the leftists were defeated, turned against the BRT group.

From this viewpoint, the notion of a "Trotskyite-Rightist" conspiracy makes very little sense, since can be as well described as a "Left-Right" conspiracy against the "Center." There is an interesting historic debate on whether a "Left-Right block" actually existed in the early 1930s, see the discussion in this and this Wikipedia articles. The evidence is quite thin: Some letters from Trotsky urging for such a block plus attempts of various left and right groups in the underground Communist opposition to Stalin's rule to share information.

Regardless, the three Moscow show-trials,

• the Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center (Zinoviev-Kamenev Trial, or the "Trial of the Sixteen;" 1936);

• the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Parallel" Trotskyist Center (Pyatakov-Radek Trial; 1937);

• the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites" (Bukharin-Rykov Trial, or "Trial of the Twenty-One;" 1938), where some accused were "Rightists", some were "Leftists" (e.g. Krestinsky and Rakovsky), and some neither (e.g. a former NKVD boss, Yagoda)

meant to present to the (bewildered) Soviet population and international observers a coherent picture of a vast counter-revolutionary conspiracy with Trotsky at its center, whose members,

plotted the overthrow and territorial partition of the Soviet Union in collusion with agents of the German and Japanese governments,

see here.

Now, lumping together party members (even marginally) affiliated with the Left or Right opposition made perfect sense.

Answer 3

I think this question presumes far too much determinism on the part of the "Great Purge" process.

An anonymous report from a subordinate, or from someone who coveted something which belonged to the victim (wife, daughter, apartment) was enough (unless there was a high-level protector willing to risk everything to save the victim).

Answer 4

Apart from advocating scientific management, Gastev was a proletariat smithy(kuznitsa) poet.

The Smithy (Kuznitsa) was founded in late 1919 by a group of proletarian poets who believed that the practical work of the Proletkult was holding back the development of their creative possibilities. In essence, the Smithy poets merely wanted to work and create among themselves, without having to get involved in the Proletkult's mass activity and mass education projects. The Smithy promised to offer writers "complete freedom in the choice of literary method and style."

Those who demanded such freedom were considered as "undesirable" by communist party.

Alex Inkeles and Raymond A. Bauer in The Soviet Citizen. Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society. (New-York, 1968) defines purge as:

purge was one of the key rituals during which a periodic review of party members was conducted to get rid of the "undesirables".

Along with many other writers, scientists and other "undesirables", A. K. Gastev was victim of Stalin's Great Purge from 1938-1939. He was arrested in 1938 on the charges of counter-revolutionary terrorist activity (even though the smithy was dissolved in 1932). And was shot in 1939

Answer 5

There are a lot of other great answers, but I remember a couple of Soviet movies from the 1930s (for instance, Jim Ripple's robot of 1935) where scientific organization of labor was condemned and labelled as "fascism".

In the aforementioned film, a scientist at an industrial plant in capitalist country performs an "experiment" on a worker: he slowly and covertly increases the speed of conveyor so to test the limits of what speed the worker could still manage.

He justifies his experiment, calling for "scientific" approach to the organization of labor.

The worker gets finally broken, the scientist is satisfied, and his assistant, a student, is in shock and calls him "fascist".