Questions tagged [roman-republic]
Questions about the period of ancient Roman civilization when the government operated as a republic from 509 BC to 27 BC.
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What is the latest case of employment of Cretan archers in Antiquity?
It is known that Cretan archers were widely used (presumably as mercenaries) across Mediterranean by Greek armies and were occasionally included in Roman armies of Republic and of Imperial period. I ...
4
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1answer
174 views
Are there any ancient sources clearly testifying a frozen Tiber river in the year 398, 396, 271, and 177 BCE?
Multiple sources, ranging from Wikipedia to journal articles over the years (such as this one), record a series of severe winters which caused the Tiber river to be frozen in the above-listed years. ...
3
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2answers
274 views
Why was Scipio the Younger accused of wishing to abolish Tiberius Gracchus laws?
In the Wikipedia page of Gaius Gracchus you can find this paragraph, which I find particularly confusing:
When Scipio the Younger agreed to represent the Italian allies, who were protesting the ...
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2answers
390 views
Why Marcus Aurelius did not restore the Roman Republic? [closed]
I'm wondering why Marcus Aurelius, who could be considered as one of the most wise emperors of Roman Empire, did not restore Roman Republic constitutions? I read somewhere that the functionality of ...
6
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1answer
97 views
Do we have a notion of how common private bathing facilities were, in Rome at late Republican times?
For example, there are small private bathtubs in Pompeii, but this is about 150 years later and in a period that practices were changing, as more people became wealthy enough to have such things.
My ...
7
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1answer
168 views
What cult images are likely to be found in a Second Punic war era Roman field camp?
Were cult images (e.g. statues of gods) carried by a Roman army (or its commander) around 200 BC? If so, which gods? And were would they be kept while in camp? (I am not referring to items individual ...
11
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2answers
351 views
What was the legal process of raising a legion in late Republican Rome?
I've read some about both the Roman army and the Late Republican period, but realized that, while I understand well enough how legions worked in the field, I have only a very incomplete idea of who ...
11
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1answer
269 views
Was every Roman citizen part of a curia?
In a book by German historian Klaus Bringmann, I read that during the regal period, the whole population was divided into three tribes.
He furthermore states that each tribe was divided into 10 curiae ...
4
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2answers
599 views
Why didn't Caesar hire free men to do slave work?
So one of Caesar's significant policies in Roman politics was helping the peasants have land and work to make a living. Wonder why didn't he push laws that restricted the use of slaves and made those ...
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1answer
779 views
How did Carthage Lose the First Punic War to Rome?
(264 to 241 BC) Carthage seemed to have many significant strategic advantages at the beginning of the conflict.
Carthage Generals were both experienced and accomplished.
Carthage had a larger and ...
5
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1answer
302 views
How did early Rome mobilize?
I have read that before the reforms of Marius, Rome produced her armies by conscripting them from the citizens by drawing of lot, with every recruit owning his own equipment. My questions are about ...
2
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1answer
102 views
Were debts owed or outstanding debts factored into the Roman census?
In the Roman Republic were debts and loans taken into account by the Censors when calculating the worth of a citizen's property? If yes, how were these checked?
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1answer
1k views
What did ancient Romans wear when sleeping?
What type of clothes did ancient Roman citizens wear at bedtime? Did they wear anything at all?
I would like to focus on the late republican period, around 50-27BC.
As a bonus, I would love to make ...
3
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1answer
137 views
Punishment for deserting lictors
Assume the following scenario:
In the late days of the Roman Republic a consul is assaulted on the streets of the city by an angry mob, abetted by his political enemies. His lictors run away, leaving ...
3
votes
1answer
185 views
Did the Romans hold the Isle of Wight and surrounding areas before the invasion in 43 AD?
In this video it shows the Isle of Wight and the area around it including Southampton and Portsmouth being under Roman control beginning during Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain. However my brief ...
6
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2answers
389 views
What Roman institutions were obsolete by the end of the Republic?
Background: Recently I've been reading about the Roman Republic, specifically about its last century of civil war and disorder, and I've noticed that some historians say that the Republic fell because ...
3
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2answers
421 views
Sourced List of Ancient Roman Values
I need a listing of some of the most influential ancient Roman virtues for a book I'm writing. There is a great list, just what I need, here on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue#...
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vote
1answer
430 views
Did Romans piss into aqueducts as a joke?
Are there any historical references to this being done? Either for fun, as revenge of some kind or for any other reason?
If this was common practice; did anyone try to prevent it from happening or ...
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0answers
151 views
Who were some Greek Plebeian Gentes, especially from Magna Graecia?
I'm looking for foreign influences on the Plebeians. Who are some Plebeian Gentes that were Greek, perhaps from Magna Graecia or Sicily? I vaguely recall reading about one from Campania, who came in ...
7
votes
1answer
666 views
How were political factions in the late Roman republic different from political parties today?
I've read that in the 1st century BCE, Rome came to be dominated by a dispute between two political factions: the Optimates, representing the traditionalist patrician families, who wanted to lock down ...
8
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1answer
298 views
What happened to Caesar's hostages in Gaul?
I am reading Caesar's Gallic wars, and there is a repetitive pattern to much of it.
Caesar shows up
The natives either sue for peace and surrender their weapons and give hostages, or
The natives ...
3
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0answers
151 views
A comparison between the reforms of Athens and Rome
Question: What made it possible that, during the times of Solon, Athens underwent reforms characterized by isonomia, — that is, equality among citizens, — whereas their approximately contemporary ...
8
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2answers
722 views
Was Marc Antony with Julius Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon?
Question
I had always been told that he was, and Plutarch's Life of Antony certainly seems to imply as much. But I just read a passage in Adrian Goldsworthy's book, Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC, ...
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0answers
170 views
What Roman legal structures from the Republic lasted into the Empire and which ones were evaporated?
I've been reading about Roman political system in the late Roman Republic directly prior to Caesar being declared dictator. A question occurred to me which I cannot seem to find an answer to.
What ...
8
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2answers
535 views
What were the incentives for joining the Roman army before the Marian reforms?
Before the Marian reforms, soldiers had to supply their own equipment. This did not exactly inspire anyone to form a professional standing army, especially since most were peasants who had to return ...
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1answer
623 views
Why didn't the Romans set up breeding mechanisms as a main source to supplement their population of slaves instead of relying on defeated enemies? [closed]
By the time of the Flavians there were large reductions in the supply of slaves, both those peacefully imported from outside the Empire and those captured in military campaigns. It was a time of ...
4
votes
2answers
425 views
Internal crisis of the Roman Republic before the Gracchi
The beginning of the Roman Republic is traditionally dated to 509 BC, when the Roman king Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown.
Wikipedia article about the Crisis of the Roman Republic states that ...
5
votes
1answer
151 views
Was Crassus's fire brigade composed of slaves?
Crassus created the first Roman fire brigade, and many years later, Augustus took the idea and formed the Vigiles, a group of slaves serving as firefighters. However, I can't find any source ...
9
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3answers
705 views
Why was the Marian reforms' inclusion of landless masses necessary?
The Marian reforms of the late Roman Republic changed Rome's military into a standing, professional volunteer force and greatly enhanced its effectiveness, thereby ensuring Rome's dominance for ...
8
votes
1answer
564 views
First Roman battles after the Marian reforms
I'm quite interested in the removal of the Hastati, Principes and Triarii elements introduced by the Marian reforms in 107 BC, and how it affected the Roman army at first.
Looking on Wikipedia for ...
5
votes
1answer
301 views
Gaulish logistics during Caesar's invasion
How much, if anything, do we know about how the Gauls camped and marched when facing Caesar?
Did they have tents, mules, wagons, camp followers?
Can we infer anything about their rate of march? Was ...
7
votes
1answer
798 views
Is there any evidence that Celts produced chain mail?
Since I started to interest myself in history of the northen Europe, and especially the history of Celtic people, I read a lot about their inventions, in terms of warfare.
The quote from wiki
...
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1answer
600 views
Is there any sort of list of Roman senators?
I am looking for records on Roman senators (specifically around 100 B.C., around the time Ceasar was born)
Googling for it I only find various wikipedia articles on how the Roman senate worked, but no ...
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1answer
258 views
In the early Roman Republic, did every patrician family have at least one consul?
It appears that gens Foslia for example only produced one: Marcus Foslius Flaccinator in 433.
Are there examples of patrician families that produced no consuls?
Or is it that our knowledge of ...
6
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1answer
838 views
Why did the Roman Republic never set up a civilian police department?
I was recently reading about conflicts between Clodius and Pompey. Clodius first but subsequently Pompey as well, used - what I would characterize as - armed gangs. The power of these gangs was such ...
12
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1answer
788 views
Were Roman marching songs still bawdy during principate/dominate?
We know from writers such as Suetonius in his Vita Divi Iuli that legionnaires would sing some quite raunchy and bawdy tunes, even during a triumph of their leader.
There were open allusions to ...
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1answer
426 views
How did the Romans build their armies for the First Punic War?
The Romans built a great and vast empire, my question is what were some of the military techniques they used to build, train, and use their army? Specifically during the period of the First Punic War.
...
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1answer
1k views
What percent of the Roman Republic's population were citizens in various centuries? [closed]
Does anyone have any sources mentioning the percentages of citizens at various times, or the populations of citizens and corresponding total populations so I can calculate percents? I looked at dozens ...
8
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1answer
288 views
Were quaestors in the Roman Republic entitled to lictors/fasces?
I apologise if this is too basic a question, but Wikipedia seems to contradict itself! It says here https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor that a Quaestor was entitled to one lictor and one fasces, ...
3
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1answer
155 views
What Was the Constitutional Basis that Made Pompey “Consul Without Colleague” for 52BC
From my understanding, the Senate had no prerogative in naming a consul. At best they could appoint an interrex among themselves. What was the constitutional basis that enabled the Senate to appoint ...
2
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0answers
218 views
What was the Constitutional Basis for Gaius Julius Caesar's Dictatorship
In the early republic, a dictator was usually appointed for a reason such as presiding over an election or defending the city against a foreign invasion.
I remember reading somewhere that Sulla's ...
2
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2answers
247 views
Fulvia in Sallust's Catiline Conspiracy the same Fulvia as Mark Antony's wife?
I found this book that said they were not the same woman, but the author didn't give any evidence: Squires, S. (Ed.). (1990). Asconius Commentaries on Five Speeches of Cicero. Bolchazy-Carducci ...
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1answer
310 views
What happened to Marcus Licinius Crassus' Gold?
Marcus Licinius Crassus (from the First Triumvirate) was considered to be richest man ever. After his death however, what happened to his immense fortune? It seems like a treasure like that would be ...
4
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1answer
153 views
Examples of Romans repeating early stages of the cursus honorum
In some special cases, Romans held lower offices than some they had already held, for example Quaestor while having been a consul before.
I understand that senators, expelled by the censors for ...
3
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1answer
116 views
Were the republican legati pro praetores appointed by the governors?
I am not referring to the Legati Augusti pro praetores of the Empire.
In republican Rome, provincial governors chose their own legates quite freely.
I found here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
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1answer
257 views
Did the Roman senate immediately send new governors after the death of proconsuls/propraetors?
I would like to know whether the Roman senate sent replacements for deceased governors (due to illness, accident, war, ...) immediately after hearing of their death or was content to entrust the ...
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6answers
13k views
Why did the Roman military start to favour swords over the spear phalanx?
Up until the rise of the Roman Republic, the Greek phalanx was considered the dominant form of military tactics. Evolution had simply favoured longer and longer spears: by the time of Alexander, ...
8
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1answer
361 views
How was the Roman Princeps Senatus appointed?
In Republican Rome, the princeps senatus (~head of the senate) was supposed to have been nominated by the censors, who were elected every 5 years for 1 and a half years.
What happened when the ...
13
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2answers
2k views
Why did the original Carthage never become a Roman city?
Carthage fell to the might of Rome, I think it was, three times in total. They were completely defeated and accepted some pretty horrible terms of surrender. And yet they maintained their self ...
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5answers
2k views
Why didn't Romans fight in a single line formation?
I read that historically, Romans fought in checker board formation, composed of 3 lines. But I play Rome Total War and in the game, that deployment means a nice recipe for high casualties. In the game,...
