**Short Answer** The available evidence for hospitals set up on the orders of Ashoka is inconclusive, but several scholars have suggested that it is at least likely that there was some type of hospital, perhaps within a Buddhist monastery. Details, though, are patchy at best and more definite evidence of the scope of care of monasteries comes from much later periods. ---------- **Details** The main evidence for the provision of medical treatment comes from what are now known as the [Rock Edicts][1], specifically [Major Rock Edict (RE) 2][2]. However, translations differ slightly. Wikipedia uses [E. Hultzsch][3]'s 1925 translation: > Everywhere in the dominions of king Devanampriya [Priyadarsin][4] [generally interpreted to mean Ashoka] and (of > those) who (are his) borderers, such as the Cholas, the Pandyas, the > Satiyaputa, the Kelalaputa, Tamraparni, the Yona (Greek) king > named Antiyoga (Antiochus), and the other kings who are the neighbours > of this Antiyoga, everywhere **two (kinds of) medical men** were > established by king Devanampriya Priyadarsin, (viz.) medical treatment > for men and medical treatment for cattle. > > Wherever there were no herbs beneficial to men and beneficial to > cattle, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted. > Likewise, wherever there were no roots and fruits, everywhere they > were caused to be imported and to be planted. However, the source from which Wikipedia took the above translation does not use the words in bold above; what it actually says is **[two (kinds of) medical treatment][5]**. There are more recent (and seemingly more widely used) translations which are worded a little differently. [The one below][6] is by Ven. S. Dhammika (who also consulted the translations of [C. D. Sircar][7] and [D. R. Bhandarkar][8]): > Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and > among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the > Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni and where the > Greek king Antiochos rules, and among the kings who are neighbors of > Antiochos, everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made > provision for **two types of medical treatment**: medical treatment for > humans and medical treatment for animals. Wherever medical herbs > suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them > imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available > I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug > and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals. [![enter image description here][9]][9] *"First and second Rock-Edicts: Girnar. Source: '[Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch][5]'* [![enter image description here][10]][10] *The edicts can be found on rocks in several regions of India and beyond. This rock is at Girnar and has [14 major edicts on it][11]. Image source: [Rana Safvi][12]. (click to enlarge)* An earlier (but updated) translation by [V. A. Smith][13] has '[healing arrangements][14]'. Note also that these edicts apparently post-date Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism, and that the welfare of animals is not neglected. As you have noted in your research, this has been widely interpreted to mean 'hospitals'; uses of this word can found in several academic texts: Richard Salomon's *[Indian Epigraphy][15]* (OUP, 1998), Charles Allen's *[Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor][16]* (Hachette, 2012) (favourably reviewed [here][17]) and Nayanjot Lahiri's *[Ashoka in Ancient India][18]* (Harvard, 2015), the last source commenting: > The king’s circle of influence in other kingdoms came to be based, or > was showcased as being based, on welfare measures, specifically > medical care and the nurture of living beings in distant realms, both > human and animal. Two kinds of medical facility were established: > hospitals, and facilities in which roots, fruit, and medicinal plants > hitherto unavailable were imported and planted. Roads were laid and > wells dug for ‘enjoyment’ by animals and humans. The compassionate and > moral life now also becomes Mauryan foreign policy. However, according to a footnote Hultzsch's book, Indian archaeologist and epigraphist D. R. Bhandarkar specifically rejects the use of 'hospitals'. Also, Kenneth Zysk in *[Ascetism And Healing In Ancient India Medicine In The Buddhist Monastery][19]* (1991) is more cautious, but suggests that some kind of hospital care may have been provided by monasteries: > Medicine and healing were integral parts of Buddhist monasticism from > its inception. Initially, medical activities focused on the care and > treatment of monks by fellow cenobites or by pious lay devotees, but > from around the mid-third century B.C.E., there is evidence that the > monk-healer and the monastery extended medical care to the population > at large. > > The second rock edict of King Asoka...in no way proves that hospitals > existed in India in the third century B.C.E., but suggests that the > monk-healers' role of extending medical aid to the laity coincided > with the spread of Buddhism during Asoka's reign. The expansion of > Buddhism and its monasteries from northeastern India generally > followed the existing trade routes, and support for the new > institutions ultimately came from the laity. [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Rock_Edicts [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Rock_Edicts#Major_Rock_Edict_2 [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Hultzsch [4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka [5]: https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n137/mode/2up [6]: https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel386.html#rock14 [7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar [8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._R._Bhandarkar [9]: https://i.sstatic.net/eBDa8.png [10]: https://i.sstatic.net/Mn6nV.jpg [11]: https://alchetron.com/Ashoka%27s-Major-Rock-Edicts#Ashoka's-edicts-at-Mount-Girnar,-Junagadh [12]: https://ranasafvi.com/girnar-rock-edict-junagadh/ [13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith [14]: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305093748_Self-descriptions_of_the_World_Society_in_non-western_contexts_and_the_implications_for_the_general_theoretical_approach_An_Analysis_of_the_Edicts_of_Ancient_India_Emperor_Ashoka [15]: http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Indian%20Epigraphy_A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Study%20of%20Inscriptions%20in%20Sanskrit%20Prakrit%20and%20Other%20Indo-Aryan%20Languages_Salomon.pdf [16]: https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Ashoka.html?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&redir_esc=y [17]: https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1286 [18]: https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Ashoka_in_Ancient_India.html?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y [19]: https://archive.org/details/ascetismandhealinginancientindiamedicineinthebuddhistmonasterykennethzyskg.oup_250_K/mode/2up