Chinese junks allegedly sometimes grew plants aboard that may have provided part of the diet of their crews.

*Avoiding the Die straits:  An Inquiry into Food Provisioning and Scurvy in the Maritime and Military History of China and wider East Asia*  Mathieu Torck,
Pages 132-134, 146, 150 

https://books.google.com/books?id=2Dzl-cIIjxYC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=chinese+junks+gardens+aboard&source=bl&ots=pXLRAwNxil&sig=gEABbAUZhdaFEh_qdq3IZOy3Y3g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj00fbL5_vQAhXC4IMKHZxzDAwQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=ibn%20Battuta&f=false[1]


A description of the super ship *Syracusa* of the third century BC includes:

> And along the uppermost passage was a gymnasium and walks, having their appointment in all respects corresponding to the size of the vessel. And in them were gardens of all sorts of most wonderful beauty, enriched with all sorts of plants, and shaded by roofs of lead or tiles. And besides this there were tents roofed with boughs of white ivy and of the vine, the roots of which derived their moisture from casks full of earth, and were watered in the same manner as the gardens. And the tents themselves helped to shadow the walks.

http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus5b.html#c40[1]

In 1789 HMS *Bounty* collected 1,015 live breadfruit plants in Tahiti and potted them for transport to the West Indies as a new food source there.  Because of the mutiny, Bligh had to make another voyage to Tahiti on HMS *Providence* to collect another set of breadfruit plants to introduce in St. Helena, St. Vincent, and Jamaica. *Bounty* and *Providence* may have been the European sailing ships that carried the most live food plants. 

So sometimes plants were grown aboard sailing ships, but that would have been many times more common in East Asian ships than in European ships.  And probably only common on a small subset of East Asian sailing ships.