in the late Roman EmpireRepublic the Princeps senatus was the first and most senior senator, a position with some powers and much prestige. When Augustus became the first Roman emperor, he acquired a number of Republican titles, offices, and powers, including that of Princeps senatus. So the early Roman emperors often used the title Princeps senatus, and sometimes Princeps civitatus "first citizen", and the early period of the Roman Empire up to about 284 is often called the Principate.
in the late Roman Empire the Princeps senatus was the first and most senior senator, a position with some powers and much prestige. When Augustus became the first Roman emperor, he acquired a number of Republican titles, offices, and powers, including that of Princeps senatus. So the early Roman emperors often used the title Princeps senatus, and sometimes Princeps civitatus "first citizen", and the early period of the Roman Empire up to about 284 is often called the Principate.
in the late Roman Republic the Princeps senatus was the first and most senior senator, a position with some powers and much prestige. When Augustus became the first Roman emperor, he acquired a number of Republican titles, offices, and powers, including that of Princeps senatus. So the early Roman emperors often used the title Princeps senatus, and sometimes Princeps civitatus "first citizen", and the early period of the Roman Empire up to about 284 is often called the Principate.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
I don't think of "colonial empires" as empires at all. They can be called thalassocracies[thalassocracies][1].
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy.[4]
"Render"[Render unto Caesar"Caesar][2]" is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, which reads in full, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's" (Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ).[Matthew 22:21]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar[5]
In the Roman Empire's hierarchical system, a vassal king using the title of King of Kings did not indicate that he was a peer of the Emperor or that the ties of vassalage were cut.[141] [Wikipedia:Odaenatus][3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East[6]
https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false[7][Index of the Styles and Titles of Sovereigns of England][4]
Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles, it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience: he being also institute and furnished, by the goodness and sufferance of Almighty God, with plenary, whole, and entire power, pre-eminence, authority, ... And if any person or persons, at any time after the said Feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the see of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the see of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, counsellors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Praemunire made in the sixteenth year of the king's most noble progenitor, King Richard II against such as sue to the Court of Rome against the king's crown and prerogative royal....[8][5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope.[9][Wikipedia:Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals][6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal[10][Wikipedia:Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals][6]
In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith[19][5]Faith[19][2]
In Latin: Elizabeth II, Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, Consortionis Populorum Princeps, Fidei Defensor[20] [Wikipedia:List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth][5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles[8]
[4][1]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy. [5][2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar [6][3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East [7][4]: https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false [8][5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles [9][6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope. [10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
I don't think of "colonial empires" as empires at all. They can be called thalassocracies.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy.[4]
"Render unto Caesar" is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, which reads in full, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's" (Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ).[Matthew 22:21]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar[5]
In the Roman Empire's hierarchical system, a vassal king using the title of King of Kings did not indicate that he was a peer of the Emperor or that the ties of vassalage were cut.[141]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East[6]
https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false[7]
Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles, it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience: he being also institute and furnished, by the goodness and sufferance of Almighty God, with plenary, whole, and entire power, pre-eminence, authority, ... And if any person or persons, at any time after the said Feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the see of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the see of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, counsellors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Praemunire made in the sixteenth year of the king's most noble progenitor, King Richard II against such as sue to the Court of Rome against the king's crown and prerogative royal....[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal[10]
In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith[19][5]
In Latin: Elizabeth II, Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, Consortionis Populorum Princeps, Fidei Defensor[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles[8]
[4]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy. [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar [6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East [7]: https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false [8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles [9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope. [10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
I don't think of "colonial empires" as empires at all. They can be called [thalassocracies][1].
"[Render unto Caesar][2]" is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, which reads in full, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's" (Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ).[Matthew 22:21]
In the Roman Empire's hierarchical system, a vassal king using the title of King of Kings did not indicate that he was a peer of the Emperor or that the ties of vassalage were cut. [Wikipedia:Odaenatus][3]
[Index of the Styles and Titles of Sovereigns of England][4]
Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles, it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience: he being also institute and furnished, by the goodness and sufferance of Almighty God, with plenary, whole, and entire power, pre-eminence, authority, ... And if any person or persons, at any time after the said Feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the see of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the see of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, counsellors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Praemunire made in the sixteenth year of the king's most noble progenitor, King Richard II against such as sue to the Court of Rome against the king's crown and prerogative royal....[5]
[Wikipedia:Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals][6]
[Wikipedia:Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals][6]
In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith[19][2]
In Latin: Elizabeth II, Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, Consortionis Populorum Princeps, Fidei Defensor[20] [Wikipedia:List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth][5]
[1]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy. [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East [4]: https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles [6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire. Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire. Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy.[1][4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar[5]
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East[6]
https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false[4]https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false[7]
Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles, it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience: he being also institute and furnished, by the goodness and sufferance of Almighty God, with plenary, whole, and entire power, pre-eminence, authority, ... And if any person or persons, at any time after the said Feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the see of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the see of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, counsellors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Praemunire made in the sixteenth year of the king's most noble progenitor, King Richard II against such as sue to the Court of Rome against the king's crown and prerogative royal....[7][8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope.[5]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope.[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal[10]
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith[19][2]Faith[19][5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles[7]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles[8]
[1][4]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy. [2][5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar [3][6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East [4][7]: https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false [5][8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles [9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope. [6][10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal [7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire. Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire. Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar[2]
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East[3]
https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false[4]
Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles, it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience: he being also institute and furnished, by the goodness and sufferance of Almighty God, with plenary, whole, and entire power, pre-eminence, authority, ... And if any person or persons, at any time after the said Feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the see of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the see of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, counsellors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Praemunire made in the sixteenth year of the king's most noble progenitor, King Richard II against such as sue to the Court of Rome against the king's crown and prerogative royal....[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal[6]
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith[19][2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles[7]
[1]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy. [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East [4]: https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope. [6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal [7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
Part One: A discussion of the nature of empire.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar[5]
Part two: A brief history of Britain in relation to the concept of Empire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East[6]
https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false[7]
Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles, it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience: he being also institute and furnished, by the goodness and sufferance of Almighty God, with plenary, whole, and entire power, pre-eminence, authority, ... And if any person or persons, at any time after the said Feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, to the said Bishop of Rome, or to the see of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the see of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, counsellors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Praemunire made in the sixteenth year of the king's most noble progenitor, King Richard II against such as sue to the Court of Rome against the king's crown and prerogative royal....[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal[10]
Part Three: Three very weak reasons to consider Elizabeth II an empress or emperor.
In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith[19][5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles[8]
[4]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalassocracy#:~:text=thalassocracy%20(countable%20and%20uncountable%2C%20plural,Maritime%20supremacy. [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar [6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus#King_of_Kings_of_the_East [7]: https://books.google.com/books?id=iRsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false [8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Elizabeth_II#The_British_Isles [9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#:~:text=The%20Act%2C%20drafted%20by%20Thomas,Wales%2C%20and%20other%20English%20possessions.&text=Also%20King%20Henry%20wanted%20to%20intimidate%20the%20pope. [10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals#Repeal