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Were the tallboy bombs used to attack and (finally) sink the Tirpitz re-fuzed as impact weapons?

The Tallboy bombs were originally designed to be ground-penetrating 'earthquake bombs', dropped from high altitude they would accelerate under gravity to near-supersonic speeds, penetrate the ground to a depth of 10m or deeper and then, after a few seconds delay, detonate under the target - an ideal technique for destroying underground targets, bunkers or targets with deep foundations.

Accounts of the three tallboy attacks on the Tirpitz (operations Paravane, Obviate and Catechism) mention tallboys exploding in, under and nearby Tirpitz.

Where were they supposed to explode? Were they modified for a naval target? Were they supposed to hit the Tirpitz directly and explode instantaneously? Or hit the sea nearby, drop through the water and then penetrate deep into the seabed before exploding? (in the same manner as for land targets), Or were they supposed to hit the sea, drop to the seabed and explode on the seabed?

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The best that I can find is this 1945 report from the US Naval Technical Mission in Europe, discussing the effectiveness of the bombs in the attack.

A quote discusses the capabilities of the Tallboy's fuze:

There are 3 fuzes and 3 exploders of special design in the tail, giving a range of, fuze settings from instantaneous to one-half to one hour delay. For attacks on shipping a 0.07 and 0.05 second delay have been used.

This sounds extremely brief, but as the Tallboy moved quickly, it represents over 20 meters of distance. The Tirpitz being 15 meters deep, a near miss would have exploded in the water just below the ship, creating a destructive gas bubble in the manner of a torpedo.

However, given the report's description of the bomb's armor piercing qualities (and the inability of smaller bombs to pierce the Bismarck class's thick armor)...

During a raid on 3 April 1944, she was struck by a total of 16 bombs, ranging 500-pound general purpose bombs with instantaneous fuses to 1600-pound armor piercing with 0.8 seconds delay in the fuze. There was extensive non-vital damage to portions of the superstructure and other spaces in the upper watertight part of the ship, but only a dud pierced the armoured deck

...we can assume that the bomb was intended to pierce its target and explode inside it. As the velocity of a bomb through a battleship is much slower than through thin air, it is likely have been intended to detonate just after piercing the armored deck.

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  • During one of the attacks, one of bombs is reported as penetrating the deck, and the hull and then exiting through the keel before detonating under the ship, no indication of if this was the intended sequence. Commented 43 mins ago
  • @ConanTheGerbil It does seem like the fuzes failed relatively often, with the remaining 2 serving as a backup to the primary
    – SPavel
    Commented 29 mins ago

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