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Guilds were not formed by individuals, but by working cultures. Their backdated claims of venerability are pretty indicative that they formed as a group exercising economic and political power. Burg …

In our earliest records of European civilisation in the middle ages religiosity is at the front and centre of everyday lives. This world is a pale shadow of the coming world. The coming world was th …

There are trivially googleable results, which if consulted, could allow this question to become a question worth answering: http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/early_manuscripts/prea …

Is there a commonly-accepted book or a site that explains the history-of-everything? No. Nor will there ever be one. The reductionism required to explain "everything," even if we limit that to …

There are a number of good accounts of the development of warfare in Europe, but the two key things you need to realise are: a) "morale" b) "mass" Much of European warfare has been conditioned by the …

Yes. Punts, Barges and Hulks were poled or towed up river. Here's a book with multiple chapters focused on Southern Northern Europe: Medieval Boat and Ship Finds of Germany, the Low Countries, and N …

Gidday. From the 1930s British social historians of a marxist bent were deeply interested in the concept of time series of price-wage or price-capital structures. This is basically a way of saying " …

Your question embodies large amounts of modern fantasy. Firstly, imagine that nothing can be bought or sold by the vast and overwhelming majority of the population. Coin does not exist or circulate …

None. Villages didn’t have incomes or expenses. They didn’t have mayors either. The mayor means that this is a city with ancient rights, for such a city see my answer: How did cities operate in med …

The Hill. The most potent agent will claim The Hill as the most defensible terrain. The Hill will usually be sacred or secular from the previous religious / social organisation.

No. You capture them alive for ransom. Battles like Crecy are atypical. When you neck that fallen lord you’re losing your handful of silver of the share of your lords ransom of the toff. Dismounting …

Gorski 2000 seems to indicate part of the problem is the fetishisation of organised religion as an indicator of peasant religiosity and the corresponding privileging of Christian narratives of appropr …

Monestary account records and feudal charter dues including land deeds. You might want to start with Bloch on feudalism or the encyclopaedia article on English economics in the Middle Ages. Also that …

Concepts of prosecuting a people’s gender war for matriarchy are modern (post-Enlightenment) fantasies or farces of the reversal of modern gender roles. Correspondingly feminism and rights are both al …

An excellent example is Lollardy in England. Today many people read the Lollards through a lens of modern left wing movements. Ironically this is a useful reading: the Lollards were educated intermed …